Principles & Applications Seven-Segment Displays Digital Electronics Principles & Applications Seventh Edition Roger L. Tokheim Chapter 6 Encoding, Decoding, and Seven-Segment Displays ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION The BCD Code The Excess-3 Code The Gray Code The ASCII Code Encoders Seven-segment Displays Seven-segment LED Displays Decoders BCD-to-Seven-Segment Decoder/ Driver Liquid Crystal Displays Vacuum Fluorescent Displays

The 8421 BCD Code Decimal number 4926 4 9 2 6 BCD stands for Binary-Coded Decimal. A BCD number is a four-bit binary group that represents one of the ten decimal digits 0 through 9. Example: Decimal number 4926 4 9 2 6 8421 BCD coded number 0100 1001 0010 0110

Convert the BCD coded number QUIZ Convert the BCD coded number 1000 0111 0001 into decimal. BCD Coded Number 1000 0111 0001 Decimal Number 8 7 1

Convert the decimal number 350 to its BCD equivalent. QUIZ Convert the decimal number 350 to its BCD equivalent. Decimal Number 3 5 0 BCD Coded Number 0011 0101 0000

The Excess-3 Code Add 3 to each digit of decimal and convert to 4-bit binary form A BCD code (not 8421 BCD) Decimal Binary +3 Excess-3 0 0000 0011 0011 1 0001 0011 0100 2 0010 0011 0101 3 0011 0011 0110 4 0100 0011 0111 5 0101 0011 1000 6 0110 0011 1001 7 0111 0011 1010 8 1000 0011 1011 9 1001 0011 1100 Sample Problem: Decimal 3 5 9 Excess-3 0110 1000 1100

QUIZ 1. To form an excess-3 coded number, decimal 3 is added to the decimal number and this is converted to its 4-bit binary code. (True or False) True 2. The excess-3 BCD number 1010 0100 equals __________ in decimal. 71 3. The decimal number 428 equals what excess-3 number. 0111 0101 1011

The Gray Code The Gray code’s most important characteristic is that only one digit changes as you increment or decrement the count. The Gray code is commonly associated with input/output devices such as an optical encoder of a shaft’s angular position. The Gray code is NOT a BCD code. Decimal Gray code 0 00000 1 00001 2 00011 3 00010 4 00110 5 00111 6 00101 7 00100 8 01100 9 01101 10 01111 11 01110 12 01010 13 01011 14 01001 15 01000 16 11000

QUIZ 1. The Gray code is not a type of BCD code. (True or False) True 2. The most important characteristic of the ____________ (BCD, Gray code) is that only one digit changes state as you increment or decrement the count. Gray code 3. The Gray code is commonly associated with input/output devices such as an optical encoder of a shaft’s angular position. (True or False) True

The ASCII Code ASCII is an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange Represents numbers, letters, punctuation marks and control characters Standard ASCII is a 7-bit code (127 characters) Extended ASCII (IBM ASCII), an 8-bit code, is also very popular Extended ASCII adds graphics and math symbols to code (total of 256 symbols)

American Standard Code for Information Interchange QUIZ 1. A common 7-bit code used to represent numbers, letters, punctuation marks, and control characters is known by the acronym __________. ASCII 2. The acronym ASCII stands for __________________________. American Standard Code for Information Interchange 3. Extended ASCII code is a(n) __________ (8-bit, 10-bit) code which adds graphic and math symbols to ASCII for a total of 256 symbols. 8-bit

Electronic Encoder - Decimal to BCD BCD output Decimal input 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Decimal to BCD Encoder 3 7 5 Encoders are available in IC form. This encoder translates from decimal input to BCD output.

Seven Segment Displays LED (light emitting diode) display High power consumption Viewing best under low light conditions Commonly red but available in other colors LCD (liquid crystal display) Commonly dark characters on a silvery background Very low power consumption Viewing only OK in good light Backlighted displays can be viewed in low light VF (vacuum fluorescent) display Commonly blue-green display (without filters) Medium power consumption Viewing good from dark to lighter conditions Based on vacuum tube triode technology

QUIZ 1. The type of 7-segment display based on vacuum tube technology which usually has blue-green characters and can be viewed in dark to lighter conditions is the vacuum fluorescent display (VF). (True or False) True 2. The type of 7-segment display that shows dark characters on a silvery background, uses very little power, and is good for viewing in bright light is called the liquid crystal display (LCD). (True or False) True 3. The seven-segment LED display is best viewed in very bright sunlight. (True or False) False

7-Segment LED Display Operation Inputs 7-segment code +5V a g Note that inputs are “active-LOW” 7-segment display reads decimal 1 (segments b & c are lit) b & c inputs active therefore segments b & c light on display H L b L c Limiting resistors Common anode Cathode terminals (a thru g) 7-segment LED display (common anode)

QUIZ H L b L c L f L g L a L b L c H L a L b L c L d L e L f L g L a H Q #3- What is the decimal output on the display for the new set of inputs? Q #4- What is the decimal output on the display for the new set of inputs? Q #2- What is the decimal output on the display for the new set of inputs? Q #1- What will be the decimal output on the 7-segment LED display? +5V a g Inputs 7-segment code H L b L c L f L g L a L b L c H L a L b L c L d L e L f L g L a H L c L d L f L g

7-Segment Decoder/Driver Decoders: BCD to 7-Segment Decoder/Driver BCD input Decimal output LED 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 BCD-to- 7-Segment Decoder/ Driver Electronic decoders are available in IC form. This decoder translates from BCD to decimal. Decimals are shown on an 7-segment LED display. This IC also drives the 7-segment LED display.

? QUIZ Answer: 9 Answer: 7 Answer: 6 Answer: 0 Answer: 3 0 1 1 1 Q #1- What is the decimal output from the decoder that appears on the 7-segment display? Q #4- What is the decimal output from the decoder that appears on the 7-segment display? Q #3- What is the decimal output from the decoder that appears on the 7-segment display? Q #5- What is the decimal output from the decoder that appears on the 7-segment display? Q #2- What is the decimal output from the decoder that appears on the 7-segment display? Answer: 9 Answer: 7 Answer: 6 Answer: 0 Answer: 3 BCD input Decimal output 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 BCD-to- 7-Segment Decoder/ Driver ?

Liquid Crystal Displays LCDs control available light (do not generate light) Nematic fluid (also called liquid crystal fluid) is sandwiched between two glass plates Monochrome twisted-nematic field-effect LCDs display dark figures on a silvery background. LCDs are commonly used on watches, calculators, and laptops. LCD monitors and TVs are becoming common. Color LCDs use either passive-matrix or active-matrix technology. Active-matrix color LCD screens are more expensive. Active-matrix color LCD screens use thin-film transistors (TFT) and red, green, blue, and white filters. Most laptop screens are backlighted for brightness.

Liquid Crystal Display Metalized segments Polarizer Conductive pattern on glass Contacts Liquid crystal Metalized layer Glass backplane Polarizer 100 Hz out-of-phase signal activates segment

QUIZ 1. While VF and LED displays emit light, LCDs __________ (control available, sublimate red) light. control available 2. The nematic fluid sandwiched between the glass plates of a LCD is also called _______ _______ (green phosphor, liquid crystal). liquid crystal 3. Monochrome twisted-nematic field-effect LCDs display __________ (dark, white) figures on a silvery background. dark 4. Liquid crystal displays are difficult to read under low light conditions however most laptop computer flat screens are backlighted to add brightness. (True or False) True

with out-of-phase signals Driving an LCD Display BCD Input 0 1 1 1 a b c LCD driver d e f g Phase Common The LCD segments with out-of-phase signals are active (a, b, & c are active) 100 Hz Clock

? QUIZ Q#1: What is the output on the LCD display? ANS: 2 ANS: 0 ANS: 5 BCD Input A B C D E F G ? LCD Driver LCD Common 100 Hz Clock

Vacuum Fluorescent Displays VF displays are commonly used in automobiles because they operate at the proper voltages, have a pleasing blue-green color, are easy to see even when viewed under lower light conditions, and will operate at wide extremes of temperature. VF displays are based on an older triode vacuum tube technology. VF displays are also commonly used in point-of-sale terminals and some desktop calculators.

QUIZ 1. A vacuum fluorescent display is based on an older vacuum tube technology and is commonly referred to as a _____ _________ (TFT display, VF display). VF display 2. One of the most common applications of VF displays is in _________________ (flat-screen laptop computer screens, automobiles). automobiles 3. The VF display has the advantage of being easily readable in either light or dark conditions. (True or False) True

Vacuum Fluorescent Display Cathodes (heaters) Grid Plates Glass back K G f a e g d c b K

QUIZ Q#1- The thin wires at A are called heaters or ___. Q#2- The segments at B are called ___. Q#3- The screen like section at C is called the ___. ANS: Cathodes ANS: Plates ANS: Grid A C B

Operating a VF 7-Segment Display Plates Plates Plates Plates Pa Pb Pc Pd Pe Pf Pg +12 V Grid Grid Grid Grid Cathodes (heaters) Cathodes (heaters) Cathodes (heaters) Cathodes (heaters) To light a segment: 1. Heaters must be hot 2. Grid must be at +12V 3. Plate must be at +12V

QUIZ C A B Q#1- Part A is the ___. Q#2- Part B points at the heaters or ___. Q#3- Parts C are the ___. Q#4- The grid is normally at +12V. (T or F) ANS: grid Q#5- To light a plate it must be grounded. (T or F) ANS: cathodes Q#6- To light a plate it must be at +12V. (T or F) ANS: plates ANS: True ANS: False ANS: True C A B Schematic diagram of VF display with heaters connected to battery.

REVIEW The BCD Code The Excess-3 Code The Gray Code The ASCII Code Encoders Seven-segment Displays Seven-segment LED Displays Decoders BCD-to-Seven-Segment Decoder/ Driver Liquid Crystal Displays Vacuum Fluorescent Displays