Sanitation Requirements in Space: The issues of Space Debris and its Management V. Adimurthy Indian Space Research Organisation

Trans Lunar Injection Mid Course Corrections EPO 1 EPO 2 / 3 / 4 Lunar Transfer Trajectory at burn 5 Initial moon Orbit ~ 500 X 7500 km Lunar Insertion Maneuver 8 th Nov 2008 Final Orbit 100 km Polar By 13 th Nov ASTROSAT Moon at Launch PSLV –C11 22 nd Oct 06:40 hrs EPO of 255 x 22,932 km Burn # 1 23 rd Oct 09:22 hrs EPO of 305 x 37,719 km Burn # 2 25 th Oct 06:03 hrs EPO of 336 x 74,716 km Burn # 3 26 th Oct 07:18 hrs EPO of 348 x 1,65,016 km Burn # 4 29 th Oct 07:41 hrs EPO of 459 x 2,66,611 km Burn # 5 4 th Nov 04:59 hrs EPO of 972 x 3,79,856 km Lunar Orbital mass of 610 kg with 2 year life time. Scientific payload 55 kg +MIP 35 kg Expanding the scientific knowledge about the moon, upgrading India’s technological capability and providing challenging opportunities for planetary research for the younger generation CHANDRAYAAN-1 MIP experiment 14 th Nov

Chandrayaan 2: A Soft landing Mission to Moon &A minimum Soft Lander configuration requires  300 kg including Propellant. Operational duration 2 weeks. &With a rover the total mass is can be  400 kg  New technologies related to NGC, TTC, landing gear, robotics, thermal management in Lunar environment etc need to be developed for this mission

A Concept of Indian Manned Space Programme A Concept of Indian Manned Space Programme Motivation Resources/Energy Mining the Moon, planets and asteroids Scientific Basic research in physical and life sciences Manufacturing / Industrial growth New materials, pharmaceutical products Human Presence in Space gives the versatility to achieve the above GSLV MkII (4L40+S139)+ L37.5+ C12 + Orbital vehicle + Escape system Concept

Typical Intake and effluent mass budget of Space Crew Carbon Dioxide = 1.00 kg Respiration & Perspiration Water = 2.28 kg Urine = 1.50 kg Feces water = kg Urine solids = Feces solid = kg Sweat solid = kg Oxygen = 0.84 kg Food solids = 0.62 kg Water (Drink) = 1.62 kg Water in food = 1.50 kg Metabolised water = 0.40 kg ( per person per day) TOTAL = 4.98 kg Short duration mission Open cycle’ ECLSS ‘Open cycle’ ECLSS All required resources for the crew provided from storage and stores the waste generated without any re-cycling

Typical Space Toilet Systems Typical Space Toilet Systems

Aggressive Growth of microorganisms in Space Environment ReferenceSpace

Early Ammonia Servicer (EAS) Mounted on the exterior of ISS was dumped into space in July 2007 The Waste Products from Spacecraft may be dumped out into empty space generating Space Debris

Campaign Started on 22 nd October 2008 Object chosen was Early Ammonia Servicer (Catalogue No ) jettisoned from International Space Station in July, Mass of 640 kg, and dimensions of 2.5m x 1.2m x 1.7m. Inclination deg IADC Re-Entry Campaign 09 – 2008 Sl No. Agency Last Prediction with TLE on 03/11/08 TLE Epoch (UTC) Prediction (UTC) Error in minutes 1FSA, Russia 2008/11/03 03: /11/03 05:06 8 2ISRO, India 2008/11/ 03 03: /11/ 03 04: ESA 2008/11/03 03: /11/03 04: CNSA, China 2008/11/03 01: /11/03 05: ASI, Italy 2008/11/03 02: /11/03 04: NASA, USA 2008/11/03 02: /11/03 04: DLR, Germany* CNES, France* BNSC, UK* JAXA, Japan*---- TLE epoch No of Days from October 1, 2008 Prediction Epoch no. of Days from November 1, 2008 Prediction by VSSC Reentry occurred on 03 rd November 04:58 (UTC) * did not make prediction on last day

An Overview of Space Debris Environment

Evolution of Space Debris Environment Catalogued Space Objects 2008 Fragments ~ 6400 Spacecraft ~ 3100 L/V Stages ~ 1600 Mission Debris ~ 1500 Growth of Catalogued Space Object Population during Total Spacecrafts Mission Debris L/V Stages Fragments

Protected Regions & Debris Mitigation Measures GSO Altitude 15° 2000 km 200 km Limit the Release of Operational Debris Space Debris Risk Mitigation Measures On-orbit Collision Prevention Proximity Avoidance Avoid Intentional Fragmentation Minimize Potential for On-orbit Breakup Deorbiting/Reentry Lifetime Limitation Post Mission Disposal Reorbiting Protected Region AProtected Region B Passivation IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines

PSLV-C11/Chandrayaan-1 Mission Space Object Proximity Analysis Launch Date : 22 Oct 2008 Lift Off not Recommended in Time Intervals Marked Maximum (Worst Case) Collision Probability Estimated to be More than 1×10 -6 for PSLV-C11 (in ascent Phase) and 1×10 -5 (Till the 1 st Apogee after Injection) for Chandrayaan-1

Some of the Recovered Orbital Debris upon Reentry Safe Zone for Controlled Reentry Delta-II 2 nd Stage Tank Woven Materials from Delta-II Foton Pressure Vessel Delta-II 3 rd Stage Motor Case Atlas Parts

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