DO NOW Thurs Sept 4 A team of scientists has discovered a cure for the common cold!!! The new vaccine was tested in 20 individuals all of whom had the same strain of the virus. The symptoms of the cold disappeared in all 20 individuals within a 24 hour period of time. Did the scientists actually discover the cure for the common cold? Why or why not?

DO NOW ANSWERED No, the scientists did not prove that their vaccine was effective against all strains of the cold. The test group was too small. The experiment should have been retested on a variety of groups of people. The experiment also lacked a control group.

AGENDA Thursday Sept 4 Learning Objective: Explain the process of designing a controlled experiment. 1. DO NOW 2. Biojournal #1 3. Section 1-1: What is Science? : How Scientists Work 5. QUIZ on MONDAY – SUMMER READING VOCABULARY.

Chapter 1 The Science of Biology

Bio journal #1 Complete Bio journal #1 using this image.

1-1: What is Science? asking questions about the world around us is part of human nature – examples: how did life begin? where did plants and animals come from? – different cultures have different answers to these questions

Science Organized process whose goal is to investigate and understand the natural world Explain events in the natural world to make useful predictions

Biology is the study of living things.

Question of the Day Sept 5 Which of the following statements is based on fact? A. Life can live on Mars because we have found traces of ice on its surface. B. The Earth is flat because a Viking ship fell off the edge of the Earth in the year C. Humans can perform photosynthesis if they have green hair. D. Mosquitos must lay their eggs in environments containing water.

AGENDA Sept 5 Learning Objective: Demonstrate the value in reproducing the results of an experiment. 1. QotD Definitions 3. Applying Scientific Method Practice – Designing an Experiment 4. Replicating Results Lab 5. Summer Vocabulary QUIZ  MONDAY!!!

Science is an ongoing process The most effective way to learn science or biology is to think like a scientist or biologist. observation – the process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful, orderly way. – sight and hearing Information we gather from observations is called data.

Thinking like a scientist We use data to make inferences – logical interpretations based on prior knowledge or experience. A hypothesis is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations. Always must be based in science.

1-2: How Scientists Work systematic approach to problem solving that involves observation and experimentation distinguishes a science from a nonscience FIVE STEPS 1.Ask a question: observing and stating a problem 2.Forming a hypothesis: possible explanation or conclusion about some event in nature 3.Testing the hypothesis with an experiment: or controlled test 4.Recording and analyzing data: recorded observations and information 5.Forming a conclusion Experiments must be able to be replicated.

A Controlled Experiment variable: single factor that is isolated and tested in an experiment – can only be ONE variable constant: the part of the experiment that stays the same from setup to setup control setup: part of the experiment that does not contain the variable experimental setup: part of the experiment that contains the variable being tested controlled experiments allow researchers to isolate and test the effects of a single factor

Theory A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations. Make accurate predictions about new situations.

AGENDA Sept 8 Learning Objective: Demonstrate the value in reproducing the results of an experiment. 1. Summer Vocabulary QUIZ 2. Replicating Results LAB 3. Homework – Due tomorrow – Scientific Extension on BLUE PAPER

Identifying Variables In a controlled experiment, only ONE variable is tested at a time. Manipulating variable is the variable that is deliberately changed. Also called the Independent variable. Responding variable is the variable that is observed. It changes in response to the manipulated variable. Also known as the dependent variable.

Let’s Review List the steps of the scientific method.

Let’s Review 1. Make an observation: ask a question or state a problem 2. Forming a hypothesis: possible explanation or conclusion about some event in nature 3. Performing an experiment 4. Recording and analyzing data: recorded observations and information 5. Draw a conclusion Experiments must be able to be replicated.

Replicating an Experiment Complete the activity “Replicating Results” A hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only variable is changed at a time. Only one variable is changed at a time. All other variables should be kept unchanged or controlled.

DO NOW Sept 9 Explain why performing an experiment or controlled test is a critical step in the scientific method.

DO NOW ANSWERED Testing your hypothesis using a controlled experiment will provide you with accurate data. Data will be meaningful when it is analyzed. If certain controls are not set, it will not be possible to only test for a single variable.

AGENDA Tuesday Sept 9 BIG Question: How have early scientific experiments shown the value of the scientific method? 1. DO NOW - Replicating Results Part II 2. Spontaneous Generation – Work of Redi and Spallanzani 3. Characteristics of Life 4. Lab Safety LAB – DUE Thursday Sep 11

Spontaneous Generation Idea that life could arise from nonliving matter Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation

Redi’s Experiment Controls that remain the same: – Jars, type of meat, location, temperature Manipulated Variables: – Gauze covering the jars Responding Variables: – Whether maggots appear

Reproducing Results Spallanzani’s Test

Controls: – Type of flask, location, heat, chicken broth Manipulated Variables: – Cork used to stopper flask Responding Variables: – Presence of microorganisms in broth

Pasteur’s Experiment Read through Pasteur’s experiment in your textbook. On a blank sheet of paper… 1. Draw the set-up of the experiment 2. Label the Manipulated and Responding Variables 3. Results of the experiment 4. What was Pasteur’s Conclusion?

AGENDA Sept 10 Big Question: What are the characteristics of living things? 1. Laboratory Safety Quiz 2. Section 1-3 Studying Life 3. Closing thoughts and homework 4. Complete Scientific Method Extension Handout

1-3: STUDYING LIFE Are the following things alive?

Characteristics of Living Things 1. Living things are made up of cells. – What is a cell? – A collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates cell from its surroundings. 2. Living things reproduce. – Asexual reproduction – Sexual reproduction

3. Living things are based on a universal genetic code. – DNA 4. Living things grow and develop. – Development - cells divide to produce new organisms. – Differentiation - cells change structure to perform specialized functions.

Characteristics of Living Things 5. Living things obtain and use materials and energy. – Grow, Develop, and Reproduce. – Metabolism is combination of chemical reactions which build up or break down materials. 6. Living things respond to their environment. – A stimulus is a signal to which an organism responds. – External or Internal Stimuli

7. Living things maintain a stable internal environment. – Homeostasis – process most organisms use to keep fairly constant internal temperature and water content. 8. Taken as a group, living things change over time. – Organisms evolve or change over time. – Occurs over thousands or millions of years.

Characteristics of Life Mini Activity You are observing a potentially new form of life. You record these observations. 1. It increases in mass when exposed to water. 2. It is made up of many tiny circular structures all connected together. 3. It changes its shape in response to touch. 4. There are others like it having the same size, structure, and coloration. Is it alive? Explain your answer.

Mini Activity This potential life form is not alive. Many non-living things will change size, shape, mass, when exposed to outside factors and conditions.

Branches of Biology Botany Zoology Paleontology

Levels of Organization Living things studied at different levels. See the handout. Page 21 of your textbook.

1-4: Tool and Procedures Compound Light Microscope – focus visible light rays Electron Microscope – focuses beams of electrons Metric System of Measurement – Meter (m) – Gram (g) – Liter (l)

The Spaceship Called Earth no longer a planet without end we must protect our planet and preserve its living treasures Earth is like a spaceship with a living cargo, carrying limited amounts of supplies

DO NOW Take out your study guides. Q & A – Ask questions now if there is anything in Chapter 1 you do not understand. Remember, you are responsible for everything we have discussed in class, in your notes, or in the classwork/homework/activities.

AGENDA Sept 16 Big QUESTION: How do scientists study life? 1. Question of day 2. DO NOW 3. Chapter 1 Review 4. HOMEWORK – Study Guides due tomorrow STUDY STUDY STUDY!!!