Systems of Systems & Emergent Properties: Systems & Control Challenges Systems & Control Research Centre School of Mathematics, Computer Sciences & Engineering Systems of Systems & Emergent Properties: Systems & Control Challenges Professor Nicos Karcanias Engineering Systems Sustainability 2015 31 March 2015, City University London

EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS What is a System of Systems ? Air traffic Freeways Industrial Production Aircraft Transportation SoS: Roads +GPS+ ONSTAR

System of Systems Empirical Characterisation SoS: A meta-system consisting of multiple autonomous embedded complex systems that can be diverse in: Technology Context Operation Geography Conceptual frame Distinctions An airplane is not SoS, but the design of a new airplane, or an airport is an SoS. A robot is not a SoS, but a robotic colony (a swarm) is an SoS

KALLICRATIDES NOTION OF THE SYSTEM BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE DEFINITION ● BASIC ELEMENTS, OBJECTS ● RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OBJECTS ● PURPOSE OF THE SYSTEM, GOALS ● SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT ●The Lakonian, and Pythagorean Kallicratides: («Περί οίκων ευδαιμονίας» (Doric dialect in the Anthology of J. Stobaei, Economicos, 16, 485): “Any system consists of contrary and dissimilar elements, which unite under one optimum and return to the common purpose”. Examples: ●The system of dance in the singing societies ●The system of the crew in a ship ●The family (the household)

Research Questions QUESTIONS: ● What is systems Complexity ? ● How can you characterise Sustainability as an Emergent property in Complex Systems ? ● How do you formally define Systems of Systems (SoS) ? ● What is the difference of SoS from the notion of “composite systems” (CoS) ? ● How do we design, re-design complex systems to improve emergent properties?

CLASSIFICATION OF TYPES OF COMPLEXITY UNIT BEHAVIOURAL COMPLEXITY (Subprocess Level) LARGE- SCALE MULTICOMPONENT COMPLEXITY (system Level) COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY (system Level) TOTAL LOCAL COMPLEXITY (System & subprocess Level) ENVIRONMENT INDUCED COMPLEXITY (Total Nature) DESIGN PROCESS COMPLEXITY (System & Subprocess Level) EVOLUTIONARY LIFE- CYCLE COMPLEXITY (System & Subprocess Level) ORGANISATIONAL COMPLEXITY (System Level) HYBRID BEHAVIOURAL COMPLEXITY (System Level) INTERCONNECTION TOPOLOGY COMPLEXITY (system Level)

Integrated Systems as SoS Designer Risk SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS Systems Safety Reliability, Maintenance EMERGENT PROPERTIES Logistics Quality of Products, Services Human Resources, Management, Finance PHYSICAL LAYER COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION LAYER Assurance Sustainability OPERATIONS LAYER

THE INTEGRATED INTELLIGENT SYSTEM THE INTELLIGENT SYSTEM: Signal Processing, Modelling, Estimation, Computations Decision Making and Control INTERACTION WITH OTHER SYSTEMS DECISION IDENTIFICATION PLANT ESTIMATION MODELLING REALITY d u z y CONTROL SIGNAL PROCESSING r' OPERATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS OVERALL GOALS r Input Influences Output Influences INTEGRATED SYSTEM SUPERVISORY ACTIVITIES AUTONOMOUS INTELLIGENT AGENT CONTROLLER

SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ▲ Composite Systems : Composite notion A Collection of independent systems interacting through an interconnection topology which are part of a central goal defining game. ▲ Composite Systems : Composite notion ● Subsystems are not necessarily integrated. ● An interconnection topology is defined on the information Structures of the subsystems. ▲ System of Systems : Composite notion ● Subsystems are integrated systems acting as Independent intelligent agents. + ● The new notion of the “play” is introduced where the subsystems behave as “actors” and possibly lack of system boundaries between subsystems ● A central Goal, frequently associated with a Game is defined where the subsystems participate as agents subject to the constraints of the play.

SYSTEM PLAY AND ITS DESCRIPTION SYSTEM PLAY: A RULE, SENARIO DEFINING THE OPERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE INTEGRATED AND INTELLIGENT SUBSYSTEMS APPROACHES FOR CHARACTERISATION OF THE SYSTEMS PLAY: ♦ CO-OPERATIVE CONTROL ♦ MARKET-ECONOMICS BASED COORDINATION TECHNIQUES ♦ POPULATION CONTROL METHODS ♦ COALITION GAMES ●

Research Agenda ♦ CLASSIFICATION OF SoS CHALLENGING APPLICATIONS ♦ METHODS FOR FORMAL CHARACTERISATION OF THE SYSTEM PLAY ACCORDING TO SoS NATURE ♦ SYSTEM ORGANISATION, GOAL AND HOLONICS ♦ FORMAL DEFINITION OF EMERGENT PROPERTIES ♦ RE-ENGINEERING SoS ♦ DECISION AND CONTROL PROBLEMS ON SoS CHALLENGING APPLICATIONS