1 1 Abnormal Psychology Canadian Edition Gerald C. Davison John M. Neale Kirk R. Blankstein Gordon L. Flett Gerald C. Davison John M. Neale Kirk R. Blankstein Gordon L. Flett Prepared by Richard A. Davis PowerPoint Presentations to Accompany Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.

2 2 chapter 10 Mood Disorders Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.

3 General Characteristics of Mood Disorders Mood disorders –Disabling disturbances in emotion Depression –Emotional state marked by great sadness and feelings of worthlessness and guilt Mania –Emotional state or mood of intense but unfounded elation accompanied by irritability, hyperactivity, talkativeness, flight of ideas, distractibility, and impractical (grandiose) plans

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.4 Formal Diagnostic Listings of Mood Disorders Diagnosis of depression Major depression –Sad, depression mood, most of the day, nearly every day –Loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities –Difficulties in sleeping (insomnia); not falling asleep initially, not returning to sleep after awakening in the middle of the night, and early morning awakenings; or, in some patients, a desire to sleep a great deal of the time

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.5 Formal Diagnostic Listings of Mood Disorders Diagnosis of depression Major depression –Shift in activity level, becoming either lethargic (psychomotor retardation) or agitated –Poor appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain –Loss of energy, great fatigue –Negative self-concept, self-reproach and self-blame, feelings of worthlessness and guilt –Complaints or evidence of difficulty in concentrating, such as slowed thinking or indecisiveness –Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.6 Depression in Females Versus Males Why is there a gender difference? Ruminative coping Differences in stressors Forms of victimization (e.g. child sexual abuse)

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.7 Formal Diagnostic Listings of Mood Disorders Diagnosis of bipolar disorder Bipolar I disorder –Increase in activity level at work, socially, or sexually –Unusual talkativeness, rapid speech –Flight of ideas or subjective impression that thoughts are racing –Less than the usual amount of sleep needed –Inflated self-esteem and belief that one has special talents, powers, and abilities –Distractibility and attention easily diverted –Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that are likely to have undesirable consequences, such as reckless spending

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.8 Heterogeneity Within the Categories Mixed episodes Hypomania Melancholic Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) –Phototherapy

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.9 Postpartum Depression in Canadian Women Postpartum depression (PD) Risk factors Is the depression experienced by new mothers different from the depression experienced by other women? What about the fathers?

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.10 Chronic Mood Disorders Cyclothymic disorder –Frequent periods of depressed mood and hypomania Dysthymic disorder –Chronically depressed Double depression

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.11 Psychological Theories of Depression Psychoanalytic theory of depression Cognitive theories of depression –Beck’s theory of depression –Negative triad Self, world, future –Cognitive biases Arbitrary inference Selective abstraction Overgeneralization Magnification and minimization

Psychological Theories of Depression

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.13 Psychological Theories of Depression Helplessness/hopelessness theories –Learned helplessness –Attribution and learned helplessness Depressive paradox Global attributions, attributions to stable factors, attribution of failure to internal characteristics –Hopelessness theory

3 Helplessness Theories of Depression

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.15 Psychological Theories of Depression Issues in the helplessness/hopelessness theory –Which type of depression is being modelled? –Are the findings specific to depression? –Are attributions relevant? –Is attributional style a contributor to, or result of, depression?

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.16 Psychological Theories of Depression Interpersonal theory of depression Psychological theories of bipolar disorder

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.17 Biological Theories of Mood Disorders Genetic data Neurochemistry and mood disorders –Tricyclic drugs –Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors –Serotonin The neuroendocrine system

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.18 Therapies for Mood Disorders Psychological therapies –Psychodynamic therapies –Cognitive and behaviour therapies NIMH treatment of depression collaborative research program –Social-skills training –Psychological treatment of bipolar disorder

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.19 Biological Therapies Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) –Bilateral ECT –Unilateral ECT –Risks and benefits

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.20 Biological Therapies Drug therapy –Depression Tricyclics Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors –Bipolar disorder Lithium carbonate

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.21 Suicide Freud’s psychoanalytic theory Durkheim’s sociological theory –Egoistic suicide –Altruistic suicide –Anomic suicide Shneidman’s approach to suicide Neurochemistry and suicide

Copyright 2002 by John Wiley and Sons Canada, Ltd.22 Preventing Suicide Treating the underlying mental disorder Treating suicidality directly Suicide prevention centres Government suicide prevention programs in Canada

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