Spread of Protestantism The Radical Reformation

The Spread of the Printing Press

The Holy Roman Empire in the 16 c

The Spread of Lutheranism

The Peasant Revolt

Calvin and Calvinism In 1531, there was a war between Protestant and Catholic states in Switzerland. John Calvin assumed the leadership of Protestantism in Switzerland. Here is his story…

Calvin and Calvinism John Calvin fled Catholic France for Switzerland after he converted to Protestantism. He placed a new emphasis on the all- powerful nature of God–what Calvin called the “power, grace, and glory of God.” This led him to the important idea of predestination, which meant that God in an had determined in advance who would be saved (the elect) and who would be damned (the reprobate).

Calvin and Calvinism Calvin’s followers came to believe they were certain of salvation and were doing God’s work on Earth. Calvinism became a dynamic, activist faith. In 1536, Calvin began to reform the city of Geneva. He created a church government and a body called the Consistory, which enforced moral discipline. This form of church running a gov’t is known as a theocracy

Calvin and Calvinism He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans. People who deviated could be punished, even for such “crimes” as dancing and gambling.

Calvin’s World in the 16 c

Calvin’s success in Geneva made it a powerful center of Protestantism. Missionaries trained in Geneva were sent throughout Europe. By the mid-sixteenth century, Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most important form of Protestantism. Calvin and Calvinism

It Spreads to France

Huguenots – people of wealth in France who converted to Calvinism Bloody civil wars against Catholics in France 1598 Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes saying Huguenots had freedom of worship

Protestant Churches in France (Late 16 c )

Wars of Religion But there is more….

The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

The Anabaptists and Effects on the Role of Women (cont.) Based on New Testament accounts of early Christianity, Anabaptists considered all believers equal. Any member of the community could be a minister because all Christians were considered priests. Women were often excluded from the ministry, however.

Anabaptists believed in the complete separation of church and state. Government was not to even have political authority over real Christians. Anabaptists would not hold office or bear arms. They took literally the biblical commandment to not kill. Their political and religious beliefs caused Anabaptists to be branded dangerous radicals. The Anabaptists and Effects on the Role of Women (cont.)

The metal cattle catcher was called an Anabaptist Catcher. The Anabaptist, meaning second baptism, was used by the state churches to describe those who believed in adult baptism. Today, the term is accepted by these very groups. Protestants and Catholics agreed on the need to persecute Anabaptists. Contemporary Mennonites and Amish are Anabaptist communities.

Radical Reformation What was their view of women?

Protestantism continued the traditional subservience and obedience of the wife. Woman’s role was to bear children. This function was part of the divine plan, according to Luther and Calvin. Protestantism did not change women’s subordinate place in society.

Reformation Europe (Late 16 c )

Maps and Charts 4 Remember the Peace of Augsburg of 1555? What can you say about geography and Rome and new religions? As these territorial boundaries change there is increasing religious Tension especially when Calvinism joins in battle of faith (they weren’t mentioned in the Peace of Augsburg) This will lead to the Thirty Years War between Catholic and Protestants

Maps and Charts 4 The Thirty Years' War broke out in 1618 and concluded in 1648 with the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia. The agreement reaffirmed the Peace of Augsburg, but added Calvinism to the religious choices.

Maps and Charts 4 So what changes did the Catholics make to stop the spread of Catholicism? It’s the Catholic Reformation… the Catholic Church set two goals, one external and one internal. Externally, the Church sought to attack Protestantism wherever it existed and tried to reconvert Protestants back to Catholicism. Internally, the Church wanted to reform the age-old abuses and reenergize Catholicism

How Many Christians Does It Take to Change a Lightbulb? Charismatics: Only one. Hands already in the air. Pentecostal: Ten. One to change the bulb, and nine to pray against the spirit of darkness. Presbyterians: None. Lights will go on and off at predestined times. Roman Catholics: None. Candles only. Baptists: At least 15. One to change the light bulb, and three committees to approve the change and decide who brings the potato salad. Episcopalians: Three. One to call the electrician, one to mix the drinks and one to talk about how much better the old one was. Mormons: Five. One man to change the bulb and four wives to tell him how to do it. Methodists: Undetermined. Whether your light is bright, dull, or completely out, you are loved. You can be a light bulb, turnip bulb, or tulip bulb. Church wide lighting service is planned for Sunday. Bring bulb of your choice and a covered dish. Lutherans: None. Lutherans don ’ t believe in change. Amish: What ’ s a light bulb?

The Catholic Reformation 1.In addition to attempts to stop the spread of Protestantism, the Catholic Church looked at itself and enacted internal reforms. This reforming spirit culminated with the Council of Trent that lasted on and off from In the town of Trent, Catholic officials met to consider what changes were necessary. The Council cracked down on simony, pluralism and absenteeism. It also helped increase the level of education of the clergy. While Trent outlawed the selling of indulgences, the practice of granting indulgences continued. However, in the area of religious doctrine, there were no changes made. The Council confirmed the previous practices.

The Catholic Reformation 2. Another arm of the internal reform movement was an order known as the Society of Jesus. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, sought to help Catholics rediscover their faith. Ignatius wrote a handbook, The Spiritual Exercises, to help Catholics study and practice Catholicism. The ranks of the Jesuits grew quickly and they spread out all over the world to convert and preach a disciplined Catholic morality. Ultimately, the efforts of these loyal shock troops paid off, as many Protestants reconverted to Catholicism.

Reviewing Key Facts History How did Ignatius of Loyola help to reform Catholicism? He helped reform Catholicism by establishing the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, a religious order that took a special vow of absolute obedience to the pope and used education to spread their messages, restoring Catholicism to parts of Germany and eastern Europe and spreading it to other parts of the world.

Exit Ticket Pick one of our 3 main themes: 1.Man and environment 2.Man and man 3.Man and ideas Pick any one of the major topics we have discussed in this unit and (in at least 5 smart sentences) tell me how that fits into one of these themes

The Spread of Lutheranism

Reformation Europe (Late 16 c )