UNIT 10 Chapter 29 – The Great War WORLD WAR I

Several factors lead to World War I, a conflict that devastates Europe and has a major impact on the world. Allied soldiers climbing over trenches on first day of the costly Battle of the Somme (July 1, 1916). SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 Marching Toward War Europe Plunges into War A Global Conflict A Flawed Peace

CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the causes and effects of World War I. CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the causes and effects of World War I. Objective 10.2: Describe the military events that developed on the Western and Eastern fronts. Objective 10.2: Describe the military events that developed on the Western and Eastern fronts. Objective 10.3 : Analyze the how the conflict goes global and the Allies push to victory. Objective 10.3 : Analyze the how the conflict goes global and the Allies push to victory. Objective 10.4: Identify the effects of the Versailles treaty on European powers. Objective 10.4: Identify the effects of the Versailles treaty on European powers. THEME: At the beginning of the 20 th century, a terrible war begins in Europe that will claim over 8 million lives. THEME: At the beginning of the 20 th century, a terrible war begins in Europe that will claim over 8 million lives.

CAUSES OF WWI History.com video History.com video war-i war-i war-i war-i

Chapter 29 SECTION 2 – EUROPE PLUNGES INTO WAR One European nation after another is drawn into a large and industrialized war that results in many casualties.

WAR BEGINS Armies on the March Armies on the March Russia moves troops to its borders with Austria and Germany Russia moves troops to its borders with Austria and Germany Germany declares war on Russia, quickly attacks France Germany declares war on Russia, quickly attacks France Great Britain declares war on Germany Great Britain declares war on Germany Nations Take Sides Nations Take Sides By mid-August 1914, two sides at war throughout Europe: By mid-August 1914, two sides at war throughout Europe: Central Powers — Germany, Austria-Hungary (and other nations) Central Powers — Germany, Austria-Hungary (and other nations) Allies — Britain, France, Russia (and other nations) Allies — Britain, France, Russia (and other nations) However, by September 1914, the war had reached a stalemate, a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage. However, by September 1914, the war had reached a stalemate, a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage.

The War in Europe, 1914–1918

STALEMATE Western Front — heavy battle zone in northern France Western Front — heavy battle zone in northern France Schlieffen Plan — German plan to defeat France, then fight Russia Schlieffen Plan — German plan to defeat France, then fight Russia With the Schlieffen Plan, Germany nearly takes Paris With the Schlieffen Plan, Germany nearly takes Paris Germany forced to retreat at First Battle of the Marne Germany forced to retreat at First Battle of the Marne Schlieffen Plan fails; Germany has to fight two-front war Schlieffen Plan fails; Germany has to fight two-front war

The schlieffen plan

NEW WEAPONS Neither soldiers nor officers were prepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines (ex – machine guns) used in World War I. Neither soldiers nor officers were prepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines (ex – machine guns) used in World War I. Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery shells, and poison gas killed thousands of soldiers who left their trenches to attack the enemy. Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery shells, and poison gas killed thousands of soldiers who left their trenches to attack the enemy. New weapons only lead to more deaths New weapons only lead to more deaths Massive losses for both sides at 1916 battles of Verdun and Somme Massive losses for both sides at 1916 battles of Verdun and Somme Verdun (Feb. 1916): 600,000 die for Germans to gain 4 miles of land Verdun (Feb. 1916): 600,000 die for Germans to gain 4 miles of land New Weaponry dramatically increases death totals: Poison Gas, Machine Guns, Tanks, Submarines New Weaponry dramatically increases death totals: Poison Gas, Machine Guns, Tanks, Submarines

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Poison Gas Machine Gun

TRENCH WARFARE Conflict descends into trench warfare — armies fighting from trenches (ditches dug into the ground) Conflict descends into trench warfare — armies fighting from trenches (ditches dug into the ground) Battles result in many deaths, small land gains Battles result in many deaths, small land gains Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, unsanitary Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, unsanitary German Trenches

NO MAN’S LAND Opposing trenches were separated by an empty “no man’s land.” Opposing trenches were separated by an empty “no man’s land.” This describes the area of land between two enemy trench systems to which neither side wished to move openly or to seize due to fear of being attacked by the enemy in the process. This describes the area of land between two enemy trench systems to which neither side wished to move openly or to seize due to fear of being attacked by the enemy in the process. Small gains in land resulted in huge numbers of human casualties. Small gains in land resulted in huge numbers of human casualties.

FAST FACTS: LIFE IN THE TRENCHES What was life like in a trench? What was life like in a trench? 2Q 2Q 2Q 2Q

Trench Warfare

STRUCTURE OF TRENCHES Structure and Conditions of Trenches Structure and Conditions of Trenches

THE EASTERN FRONT Early Fighting Early Fighting Eastern Front — site of main fighting along the German- Russian border Eastern Front — site of main fighting along the German- Russian border Russians push into Austria and Germany, but soon forced to retreat Russians push into Austria and Germany, but soon forced to retreat Russia Struggles Russia Struggles Russia’s war effort suffering by 1916; many casualties, few supplies Russia’s war effort suffering by 1916; many casualties, few supplies Huge size of Russian army keeps it a formidable force Huge size of Russian army keeps it a formidable force prevents Germany from sending more troops to the Western Front prevents Germany from sending more troops to the Western Front

The War in Europe, 1914–1918

War in Europe—Assessment What is a stalemate? (A) When countries come together to make treaties outlawing war (B) a new style of war that uses new technologies like poison gas (C) a type of warfare fought in underground ditches (D) a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage Which of these is best describes the eastern front? (A) German plan to defeat France, then fight Russia (B) heavy battle zone in northern France (C) site of main fighting along the German-Russian border (D) a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage

War in Europe—Assessment What is a stalemate? (A) When countries come together to make treaties outlawing war (B) a new style of war that uses new technologies like poison gas (C) a type of warfare fought in underground ditches (D) a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage Which of these is best describes the eastern front? (A) German plan to defeat France, then fight Russia (B) heavy battle zone in northern France (C) site of main fighting along the German-Russian border (D) a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage