Contraception and STDS Department of Fertility Care Services St. John’s Mercy Medical Center

Contraception Against or prevention of conception occurring. Against or prevention of conception occurring. Prevention of sperm and egg uniting Prevention of sperm and egg uniting Disrupting the natural process of fertilization, implantation, or uterine preparation to receive a new life. Disrupting the natural process of fertilization, implantation, or uterine preparation to receive a new life.

Types of Contraception Barrier Methods Barrier Methods Hormonal Rings Hormonal Rings Birth Control Pills or OCPs Birth Control Pills or OCPs Intrauterine Devices (IUDS) Intrauterine Devices (IUDS) Sterilizations Sterilizations

Barrier Methods Condoms Condoms Foams Foams Sponges Sponges Diaphragms Diaphragms

Possible Side Effects Allergic Reactions and Irritation Allergic Reactions and Irritation Diaphragm sometimes difficult to removal Diaphragm sometimes difficult to removal Increase Risk of Toxic Shock Syndrome Increase Risk of Toxic Shock Syndrome

Effectiveness of Barrier Methods Actual 96.8% Actual 96.8% Continual % after one year of use 89% Continual % after one year of use 89%

Hormonal Methods Hormonal Rings-Nuva-Ring Hormonal Rings-Nuva-Ring Birth Control Pills or OCPs Birth Control Pills or OCPs Hormonal Patches Hormonal Patches

Possible Side Effects May delay return of normal fertility. May delay return of normal fertility. Breast problems Breast problems Depression Depression Weight gain Weight gain Headaches Headaches Nausea and Vomiting Nausea and Vomiting Irregular bleeding Irregular bleeding

Effectiveness Actual 94% Actual 94% Continuation % after one year of use 72% Continuation % after one year of use 72%

Intrauterine Devices IUDs IUDs Copper Copper Mirena Mirena

Possible Side Effects Heavy, irregular or painful menses Heavy, irregular or painful menses Painful intercourse Painful intercourse Infection Infection Ectopic pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy Perforation of the uterus Perforation of the uterus Infertility Infertility

Effectiveness Actual 97% Actual 97% Continuation % after one year of use 80% Continuation % after one year of use 80%

Sterilizations Tubal Ligation Tubal Ligation Essure Essure Vasectomy Vasectomy

Possible Side Effects Risk of bleeding or infection with operations Risk of bleeding or infection with operations Increased rates of hysterectomy, ectopic pregnancy Increased rates of hysterectomy, ectopic pregnancy Painful periods Painful periods Two-fold increase in rate of prostate cancer Two-fold increase in rate of prostate cancer

Effectiveness Tubals Actual 99.6% Tubals Actual 99.6% Vasectomies 99.8% Vasectomies 99.8% Continuation% after one year of use 100% Continuation% after one year of use 100%

Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs or Sexually Transmitted Infections STIs

STIs Infections of the genital tract of male or female which can be transmitted back and forth through the genital contact Infections of the genital tract of male or female which can be transmitted back and forth through the genital contact

Types of STIs Syphilis and Gonorrhea-Pre 1960 Syphilis and Gonorrhea-Pre 1960 Chlamydia Chlamydia HIV and AIDS-1981 HIV and AIDS-1981 Genital Herpes-1982 more prevalent Genital Herpes-1982 more prevalent Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 1996 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 1996

Types of STIs Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Trichomoniasis Trichomoniasis

Gonorrhea Contracted through sexual contact bacterial Contracted through sexual contact bacterial Symptoms Symptoms Discharge containing pus Burning and frequency of urination

Affects to Fetus Affect the eyes by causing blindness Affect the eyes by causing blindness Sores on the scalp Sores on the scalp Joint infections or other infections Joint infections or other infections

Syphilis Contracted through sexual contact- bacterial-very contagious and increase risk of contracting HIV infection Contracted through sexual contact- bacterial-very contagious and increase risk of contracting HIV infection A pregnant mother can transmit to her unborn child A pregnant mother can transmit to her unborn child

Affects to Fetus Can cause stillbirth or baby may die soon after birth. Can cause stillbirth or baby may die soon after birth. Developmental delays Developmental delays Seizures or die Seizures or die

Symptoms A chancre (“shanker”) usually firm and painless but highly contagious usually appear 3 weeks after exposure A chancre (“shanker”) usually firm and painless but highly contagious usually appear 3 weeks after exposure If left untreated progresses to If left untreated progresses to Severe brain damage, heart, blood vessel damage.

Chlamydia Most common nonviral STI in US Most common nonviral STI in US Major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, pelvic pain, and infertility in women Major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, pelvic pain, and infertility in women Can cause no discomfort or vaginal discharge, pain and fever. Can cause no discomfort or vaginal discharge, pain and fever.

HIV and AIDS 1981 discovered-Virus 1981 discovered-Virus HIV infection usually results in AIDS HIV infection usually results in AIDS AIDS is a potentially fatal disease AIDS is a potentially fatal disease Once HIV-infected, most individuals contagious for the rest of their lives. Once HIV-infected, most individuals contagious for the rest of their lives. Can be contracted from one act of intercourse with HIV-infected person, Can be contracted from one act of intercourse with HIV-infected person,

People at Risk of Contracting Newborns of mothers with HIV, Newborns of mothers with HIV, Health-care workers with needle sticks, Drug users who share needles Health-care workers with needle sticks, Drug users who share needles Sexual partners with virus who have sex with a male or female Sexual partners with virus who have sex with a male or female

Herpes Two types- Herpes Simplex 1 or 2 (HSV) Two types- Herpes Simplex 1 or 2 (HSV) Really doesn’t matter on type because infections both cause blisters Really doesn’t matter on type because infections both cause blisters Can be silent with symptoms that still can shed the virus between partners. Can be silent with symptoms that still can shed the virus between partners.

Symptoms Fever blisters on lips or mouth usually HSV 1, but can be HSV 2 too Fever blisters on lips or mouth usually HSV 1, but can be HSV 2 too Genital Herpes- Predominantly HSV 2 cause reoccur ant painful blisters Genital Herpes- Predominantly HSV 2 cause reoccur ant painful blisters Triggers of outbreaks can be stress, illness, menstrual cycles Triggers of outbreaks can be stress, illness, menstrual cycles

Herpes and Birth of Baby Mothers with virus who have outbreak during labor and delivery can pass virus onto infant and is usually fatal to infant. Mothers with virus who have outbreak during labor and delivery can pass virus onto infant and is usually fatal to infant. Medication can suppress outbreaks and is safe during last month of pregnancy. Medication can suppress outbreaks and is safe during last month of pregnancy.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Commonly known as PID Commonly known as PID Can result from some of the STIs Can result from some of the STIs Gonorrhea, Chlamydia Gonorrhea, Chlamydia Scars fallopian tubes leading to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic pain, painful intercourse Scars fallopian tubes leading to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic pain, painful intercourse

Hepatitis B Viral infection with severe complications Viral infection with severe complications Can cause chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. Can cause chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. Appr. ½ of infections transmitted through sexual intercourse. 1/3 had another STD Appr. ½ of infections transmitted through sexual intercourse. 1/3 had another STD Pregnant mother can pass to fetus and infectious carriers Pregnant mother can pass to fetus and infectious carriers

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Major cause of abnormal pap smears and cause of cervical cancer Major cause of abnormal pap smears and cause of cervical cancer One of the most common cancers in women One of the most common cancers in women Virus transmitted through sexual contact with peak prevalence in women ages Virus transmitted through sexual contact with peak prevalence in women ages

Bacterial Vaginosis and Trichomoniasis BV left untreated can lead to PID BV left untreated can lead to PID Strongly associated with preterm births Strongly associated with preterm births Both vaginal infections increase risk of HIV infection if come in contact Both vaginal infections increase risk of HIV infection if come in contact All women with any STIs diagnosed should be screened for all STIs. All women with any STIs diagnosed should be screened for all STIs.