Progress of Disaster Management Administration in Japan November 2005 by Satoru NISHIKAWA Cabinet Office, Government of Japan

Japan has wide variety of natural disasters Typhoons (July – October) Heavy Monsoon Rain (May – July) Floods Landslides Earthquakes Tsunamis Volcanic Eruptions Snow Avalanches

Japan is prone to earthquakes - 10% of whole earthquake energy in the world is released around Japan Most dreadful things historically in Japan 1. earthquakes, 2. lightning/thunder, 3. fire, 4. father Jishin Kaminari Kaji Oyaji

Historical Records of Earthquakes ＆ Tsunami in JAPAN 416 August, Yamato-Kochi Earthquake The first written record of Earthquake in Japan within “Nihonshoki” the first official history book of Japan, edited in 8 th century. 684 November, by Hakuho-Nankai Tonankai Earthquake (Estimate Magnitude: 8.2-3) The first written record of Earthquake Tsunami in Japan within “NIHONSHOKI” the first official history book of Japan, edited in 8th century.

Traditional “UKIYOE” drawing after 1855 October Ansei-Edo Earthquake 1 Edo (Old name of Tokyo) citizens beating the legendary Catfish Monster which was believed to cause earthquake

Hazards Confronting Vulnerable Communities Cause Disasters Disasters Hazard (risk assessment) Vulnerability (societal conditions)

Less Disasters Hazard (risk assessment) Vulnerability (societal conditions) Disasters

The Holistic Approach to cope with Disasters -The Japanese Experience - Ise-wan Typhoon Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake (persons) (year) The number of casualties and the missing in natural disasters in Japan

JAPAN’s Government System 3 Layers of Government National Government 47 Prefectural Government 2,376 Cities, Towns, Villages Municipal Government (as of May 2005) Largest Prefecture: Tokyo 12.1 million Smallest Prefecture: Tottori 0.6 million (Population data based on national census in 2000) (Prime Minister is elected by the National Diet) ( Governor is elected by the residents) (Mayor is elected by the residents)

JAPAN Niigata Prefecture Metropolis of Tokyo 47 Prefectures Hyogo Prefecture

KOBE City HYOGO Prefecture Hokuda n Town, Awaji Island 88 Municipalities (22 Cities, 66 Towns) as of April 2003

Niigata Prefecture 45 Municipalities (20 Cities, 17 Towns, 8 Villages) as of May 2005 Ojiya City Nagaoka City

The National Government The Prime Minister is the Head of the Cabinet and is the Chairman of the Central Disaster Management Council Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Minister of State for Disaster Management Cabinet Office

The Local Government (Hyogo Prefecture) All local government have their mayor (administrative office head) elected by their citizens and the legislative body elected by citizens

The Local Government (N ｉ igataPrefecture) All local government have their mayor (administrative office head) elected by their citizens and the legislative body elected by citizens

1959 Ise-Wan Typhoon was the Epoch-Making Turning Point Response oriented approach to preventive approach Individual approach to comprehensive multi-sectoral approach Investment for disaster reduction

Central Disaster Prevention Council chaired by the Prime Minister The Cabinet must officially report the disaster countermeasures to the National Diet Formulation of “National Basic Disaster Management Plan for Disaster Prevention” Annual Gov’t Official Report on Disaster Countermeasures National Coordinating Body with all relevant Ministers & Japanese Red Cross, Public Broadcasting, Semi-Public Sectors The Disaster Management Operation Plan (Sectoral) The Local Disaster Management Plan Public Awareness Programs Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act 1961 Designation of “Disaster Prevention Day”

Great Success in decreasing Typhoon & Flood Casualties -Continued- Emphasis on Strong Link of Information Flow among Various Sectors  Stronger Coordination among various gov’t sectors & Red Cross  Involvement of Semi-Public Sectors Electric Companies, Railway Companies, Public Broadcasting etc. Investment for Disaster Prevention  Flood Control & Land Conservation Works  Forest Conservation  Meteorological Observation Mt. Fuji Rader Site, Meteo-Sats  Emergency Telecommunication Systems

Number of Death/Missing by Weather-related Disasters in Japan Ise-wan Typhoon

Efforts for Disaster Prevention Prevention Mitigation PreparednessEmergency Response Recovery Rehabilitation  Improvement of Disaster Prevention Facilities - Observation equipment such as meteorological satellites, weather observation radar and seismometers - Systems for communicating emergency information such as telecommunications and broadcasting facilities etc.  National Land Conservation - Soil conservation, River improvement, Construction of dams for flood control, Soil erosion control, Landslide prevention, Coastline conservation, Agricultural land and facilities disaster management etc.  Disaster Awareness & Knowledge, Disaster Management Drill  Local Voluntary Disaster Management Organizations and Volunteer Activities Building nation and communities resilient to disasters

People Civil Protection & Relief -Regional Planning -Social Infrastructure Works -Agriculture & Forestry -Health & Sanitation -Environment Scientific & Engineering Research National Coordinating Bodies Local Gov’ts, Communities, Mass Media, NGOs

Basic Emergency Services in Japan I.Fire-Fighting & Ambulance II.Police III.Military IV.Coast Guard

Basic Emergency Services in Japan I. Fire-Fighting & Ambulance Dial 119 Municipal (City, Town, Village) Fire Station Voluntary Firefighters at Community Level Weak Coordination at Prefecture Level Overall Fire Defence Administration Policy by Fire Defence Agency, Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications at National Level

Basic Emergency Services in Japan II. Police Major Police Station in Cities Strong Coordination by the National Police Agency Dial 110 Prefectural Police

Basic Emergency Services in Japan IV. Coast Guard Japan Coast Guard belongs to Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (only at National Level)

1995 Kobe Earthquake (17 Jan. 1995, Mag. 7.2 ) was the 2nd Epoch-Making Turning Point CasualtyDeath: 6, % were killed by building collapse (crush and suffocation) Injured: 43,177 Damage to buildings Housing:436,416 units - 100,302 completely destroyed - 108,741 half destroyed Public buildings destroyed: 750 units Other buildings destroyed: 3,952 units FireFire outbreaks: 294 units

Kobe Earthquake 6,433 deaths 80% immediately killed by building collapse surgeon general’s report Prevention & Mitigation Preparedness Ensure Building Safety ! Public Awareness Disaster Manager’s Proper Action Direct loss : 5,520 Relevant loss : 913

Characteristics of Stricken Area Directly hit the Metropolitan area -Major Center for Government, Economic and Culture with 3.6million Capital of Prefecture -Local Governments (Prefecture, Cities) Headquarter were also heavily destroyed -Government Officials including Disaster Management Experts were also victims

Lesson 1 Delay of First Response due to lack of information Damaged Headquarter Local Government Command initially paralyzed Destroyed almost all traffic system Telecommunication, even satellite telecommunication system were cut off due to power failure ⇒ It took three days to grasp the entire picture of damage

Kobe Municipal Government Headquarter