What is Rhetoric? Danna Prather

Well…it depends  Different people are going to give you different definitions for rhetoric. According to Aristotle rhetoric is the use in any particular case of the available means of persuasion. According to Aristotle rhetoric is the use in any particular case of the available means of persuasion. Kenneth Burke says rhetoric is persuasion plus identification. Kenneth Burke says rhetoric is persuasion plus identification. I think rhetoric is the study and use of symbols to create, maintain, distribute, and remove power. I think rhetoric is the study and use of symbols to create, maintain, distribute, and remove power.

Rhetoric is that which is Public, Persuasive, Contextual, and Contingent  Public – effects an entire community (opposed to technical – specific group Philosophers, engineers, or private – personal audiences) in our case effects American community (opposed to technical – specific group Philosophers, engineers, or private – personal audiences) in our case effects American community

 Persuasive – ability to affect belief and behavior through the power of symbolic interaction supposes that there is no such thing as universal truth supposes that there is no such thing as universal truth

 Contextual - meaning of particular language is derived from the particular experiences and understanding of a particular audience at a particular time

 Contingent – decisions have to be made and acted upon but decision makers are forced to rely upon probabilities rather than certainties.  Contingent – decisions have to be made and acted upon but decision makers are forced to rely upon probabilities rather than certainties.

Rhetoric’s Distant Past - Greeks  Corax and Tisias – originators of rhetoric (oral culture) (oral culture)  Gorgias – early sophist “Nothing exists. If anything does exist it can’t be descibed. If anything does exist and can be descibed, it can’t be communicated.” “Nothing exists. If anything does exist it can’t be descibed. If anything does exist and can be descibed, it can’t be communicated.”  (Socrates/Plato)

The Classical Rhetorical Canon  Inventio – Invention  Dispositio – Arrangement  Memoria – Memory  Elecutio – Style  Pronuntiatio - Delivery

 Isocrates – Foremost speech teacher in the ancient world Isocrates claimed to achieve moral knowledge by studying public address, as the practical art of oratory and as the "biographical science" of studying and imitating "great speakers." Isocrates did not focus on strategies and tactics of persuasion; for him, the history of public address is the history of virtue in action: The argument which has been "made by a man's life is of more weight" than arguments "furnished by words" (Antidosis, IV , 278; 1961b, 2:337-39). (retrieved from rner/isocrate.htm) Isocrates claimed to achieve moral knowledge by studying public address, as the practical art of oratory and as the "biographical science" of studying and imitating "great speakers." Isocrates did not focus on strategies and tactics of persuasion; for him, the history of public address is the history of virtue in action: The argument which has been "made by a man's life is of more weight" than arguments "furnished by words" (Antidosis, IV , 278; 1961b, 2:337-39). (retrieved from rner/isocrate.htm)

 Aristotle – The Rhetoric According to Aristotle rhetoric is the use in any particular case of the available means of persuasion. According to Aristotle rhetoric is the use in any particular case of the available means of persuasion. The enthymeme The enthymeme Types of speeches: Types of speeches: DeliberativeDeliberative ForensicForensic EpideicticEpideictic

Rhetoric’s Distant Past - Romans  Cicero – Rome’s leading orator- philosopher  Quintilian – 1 st Imperial professor of Rhetoric at Rome System of rhetorical education System of rhetorical education Rhetoric is “a good man speaking well.” Rhetoric is “a good man speaking well.”

Rhetoric’s Murky Middle  Rene Decartes “I think, therefore I am.” “I think, therefore I am.”  John Locke Anti-authoritarianism – rational thought, not authority or supersition Anti-authoritarianism – rational thought, not authority or supersition  Edmond Burke Political writer – founder of modern conservatism Political writer – founder of modern conservatism Aesthetics Aesthetics  The Elocutionists

Contemporary Rhetorical Theory  Kenneth Burke Dramatism - theory of motive Dramatism - theory of motive Act, agent, scene, agency, purpose Act, agent, scene, agency, purpose  Stephen Toulmin – Toulmin Model Data Claim Warrant

 Chaim Perelman Universal audience Universal audience  Michael McGee Ideology Ideology  Dana Cloud Materiality of Discourse Materiality of Discourse  Jacques Derrida & Michel Foucault