Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Community Based Recovery Process: Lessons and Challenges Rajib Shaw Associate Professor Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University Web:

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Overview of Presentation Key Community Based Recovery Lessons Role of People and Communities: Kobe Earthquake of 1995, Japan Community Based Planning and Institutionalizing Lessons from Recovery Process: Gujarat Earthquake of 2001, India Participatory Housing Reconstruction: Indian Ocean Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia, 2004, Yogyakarta Earthquake 2006: Indonesia

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Kobe Earthquake 17 th January 1995 Major disaster in a high density urban area No previous record of earthquake in the region –Low preparedness in people and government High concentration of old wooden houses –Widespread fire in certain locations –Casualty in certain age groups Demography of the region affected the rescue and relief work

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies

Neighbors As the First Respondents

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Volunteer Activities 1995: Year Zero of the New Era of Voluntary Activities and Civil Society

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Roles of Voluntary Organizations

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Kobe Action Plan

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Emergence of future civil society Cooperation of people, NGOs and governments Emergence of Civil Society

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Key Lesson from Kobe Earthquake People and Communities as key for recovery process –Self-reliance and self-support –Understand, Assess and Build on existing social capital –Enhanced civil society initiatives

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Overview of Presentation Key Community Based Recovery Lessons Role of People and Communities: Kobe Earthquake of 1995, Japan Community Based Planning and Institutionalizing Lessons from Recovery Process: Gujarat Earthquake of 2001, India Participatory Housing Reconstruction: Indian Ocean Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia, 2004, Yogyakarta Earthquake 2006: Indonesia

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Key Earthquake Issues Vulnerability Atlas of India: Earthquake Hazard Map –Earthquake hit area is in the most hazard prone are in the seismic hazard map of India –Knowledge about the risk of the area Building Codes of India –Building codes for engineered buildings and guidelines for non-engineered buildings exist Gap between knowledge and practice India Gujarat Earthquake 2001

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Urban Less Engineered ?

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Rural Housing and Schools

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Disaster as a Development Opportunity Not just rebuilding houses, but rebuilding lives PNY Housing Recovery Safer Construction Training & Demonstration Masons Training Shake Table Tests Habitat Recovery Water Management Livelihood Security Health & Education Improving Living Condition Interventions at Community Level Civil Society/ NGO Local Government Researchers/ Practitioners International Agencies

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Step 1: Community Assessment: Prioritizing NEEDS Step 2: Community Planning: Developing Action Plans Step 3: Community Actions: Implementing specific actions Habitat Planning: Improving Living Condition

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Housing Reconstruction: Process Focused Ownership is the key issue: Involvement of House owner and Family

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Housing Reconstruction: Confidence Building

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Trained Masons: What Next ? Sustainability Development Needs Livelihoods SEEDS Mason Association (SMA) Housing Reconstruction: Institutionalizing Improving livelihoods: enhancing job security Recognition and brand name: creating market Partnership of Government, NGO, Corporate Sectors: ensuring sustainability

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Key Lessons: Gujarat Earthquake Information management as the key of the informed decision making –District, village link/ Link to the professional societies/ Link to NGO activities –Link to other hazards (drought, flooding) Planning and training should go hand-in-hand Institutionalize knowledge base should be part of the recovery policy from the very beginning

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Overview of Presentation Key Community Based Recovery Lessons Role of People and Communities: Kobe Earthquake of 1995, Japan Community Based Planning and Institutionalizing Lessons from Recovery Process: Gujarat Earthquake of 2001, India Participatory Housing Reconstruction: Indian Ocean Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia, 2004, Yogyakarta Earthquake 2006: Indonesia

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Indian Ocean Tsunami and Yogyakarta Earthquake Date ： 26 December 2004 Magnitude ： 9.0 Location ： Sea coast widely spread Death: 130,000 people died Housing Damage: 130,000 need new house Local Characteristics: Conflict area BRR is newly established Disaster Claimed: International Disaster North Sumatra and Indian Ocean Tsunami (Aceh) Central Java Earthquake (Yogyakarta) Date ： 27 May 2006 Magnitude ： 5.9 Location ： Large damage but concentrated Death: 5,700 people died Housing Damage: 157,000 houses destroyed Local Characteristics: Poor agricultural region Traditional Culture (Gotong Royong) Strong Local Government (Sultan) Disaster Claimed:National Disaster

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Diagram of Different Actors and Contribution Assessment Policy and Guideline Grouping Guidance and permission Quality control Assessment Training of Facilitator Organization Process Quality control Technical Support Budgeting Project formulation Socio-cultural concern Cost Managemen t Quality Time Quality controlPlanning Community National Government Contribution Facilitation Coordination Construction Prioritization of activity Flexibility of Planning Contractor base Participation Locality Cooperative responsibility Levels of participation Coordination Local Government Facilitator Aid organization Interrelationship Implementation activities

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Project Process

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Effectiveness of Community based recovery Government’s initiative Damage of disaster Existing community ties and historical and social background of community FactorItemAcehYogyakarta Time/Speed Project formulation Organizational structure Fair (Slow but average) Good (Fast) Quality (Technical/ Safety) Housing facilitator Process management Other facilitator Fair (Limited experience) Good (Experienced staff) Socio-cultural concern Project process Participation in process Social facilitator Fair/Good (community needs is considered) Good (community needs is considered) Cost Unit cost of house Government policy People’s participation in construction Fair (High) Good (Low) Management Housing facilitator Organizational structure Fair （ Functioned but experience limited) Good (Functioned) Influencing factor

Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Key Lessons and Issues Establishing the Context: Build on existing social capital and community ties: Lessons from Kobe Earthquake of 1995, Japan –Develop a system to evaluate social capital Planning and Institutionalizing: Appropriate habitat planning: habitat (house), health, livelihood: Gujarat Earthquake of 2001, India –Provide confidence in local knowledge and technology –Information management as the key for informed decision making –Institutionalize knowledge base Collective Implementation: Participatory housing recovery: Indian Ocean Tsunami, Aceh, 2004 and Yogyakarta Earthquake 2006, Indonesia –Training of Facilitators (Technical and Social) –Synergy of Community Based Monitoring System and Independent Technical Audit –Balance of cost, speed, quality, management and socio-cultural dimension