Chapter 12 Motivation pt. 2: Sexual Motivation, Belongingness, and Achievement Motivation

Alfred Kinsey Considered the father of the study of human sexuality for conducting his studies in the 1940’s. Considered the father of the study of human sexuality for conducting his studies in the 1940’s. Studies showed that there were wide variations in “normal” sexual practices of individuals and that premarital sex was commonplace. Studies showed that there were wide variations in “normal” sexual practices of individuals and that premarital sex was commonplace.

Criticism of Kinsey’s Studies 18,000 people 18,000 people 1940s-1950s 1940s-1950s Sample was unrepresentative Sample was unrepresentative Well educated whites Well educated whites Misleading questions Misleading questions

Sexual Response Cycle Following Kinsey’s studies, scientists looked to identify typical sexual reactions among volunteers in the 1960’s. Following Kinsey’s studies, scientists looked to identify typical sexual reactions among volunteers in the 1960’s. Master and Johnson filmed and identified the sexual response cycle: refers to the four stages of sexual response: Master and Johnson filmed and identified the sexual response cycle: refers to the four stages of sexual response: 1. Excitement 1. Excitement 2. Plateau 2. Plateau 3. Orgasm 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution 4. Resolution

Sexual Response Cycle 1. Excitement: blood flows to the genital areas causing both sexes’ genitals to enlarge. 1. Excitement: blood flows to the genital areas causing both sexes’ genitals to enlarge. 2. Plateau: peak of the excitement phase; breathing increases; penal and vaginal secretions increase. 2. Plateau: peak of the excitement phase; breathing increases; penal and vaginal secretions increase. 3. Orgasm: ejaculation in the male and vaginal contractions in the female. 3. Orgasm: ejaculation in the male and vaginal contractions in the female. 4. Resolution phase: body returns to unaroused state. In males, enter refractory period: resting period where they cannot have another orgasm. 4. Resolution phase: body returns to unaroused state. In males, enter refractory period: resting period where they cannot have another orgasm.

Hormones and Sexual Behavior Certain hormones help activate sexual fertility, putting animals in “heat.” Certain hormones help activate sexual fertility, putting animals in “heat.” Females become sexually receptive when estrogen (sex hormone greater in females) peaks during ovulation. Females become sexually receptive when estrogen (sex hormone greater in females) peaks during ovulation. Testosterone levels also effect sex drive in both males and females. Testosterone levels also effect sex drive in both males and females. Hormones are monitored by Hypothalamus. Hormones are monitored by Hypothalamus.

Effect of External Stimuli on Sexual Motivation Studies have shown that both males and females are both aroused by seeing, hearing, or reading erotic material. Studies have shown that both males and females are both aroused by seeing, hearing, or reading erotic material. Some psychologists have argued that sexual explicit materials can have negative effects. How? Some psychologists have argued that sexual explicit materials can have negative effects. How?

Sexual Disorders Sexual Disorders: a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning. Sexual Disorders: a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning. In Men: In Men: Premature Ejaculation: ejaculation before they or their partners wish. Premature Ejaculation: ejaculation before they or their partners wish. Impotence: inability to maintain an erection. Impotence: inability to maintain an erection. In Women In Women Orgasmic Disorder: infrequent or never experiencing an orgasm. Orgasmic Disorder: infrequent or never experiencing an orgasm.

Cultural Norms Also Have Strong Impact on Sexual Behavior United States Canada Japan Britain Year 40% Percentage of births to unwed mothers

Teen Pregnancy 1. Ignorance 2. Guilt related to sexual arousal/behavior 3. Minimal communication about birth control 4. Alcohol 5. Mass media “acceptance” of unprotected sex

Sexual Orientation Sexual Orientation: an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation) Sexual Orientation: an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)

Possible Causes of Homosexuality? Have found brain differences between heterosexual men and homosexual men and women. Hard to get at causation. Have found brain differences between heterosexual men and homosexual men and women. Hard to get at causation. Identical twin brothers, 52% both will be gay. Genes not everything. Identical twin brothers, 52% both will be gay. Genes not everything. Prenatal exposure to certain hormones. Prenatal exposure to certain hormones. Most psychologists believe that nature more than nurture influences sexual orientation but the answer has not been completely solved. Most psychologists believe that nature more than nurture influences sexual orientation but the answer has not been completely solved.

Changing Attitudes towards Homosexuality People who believe homosexuality to be biological tend to be more accepting. People who believe homosexuality to be biological tend to be more accepting. Extramarital sex is “always wrong” Homosexual sex is “always wrong” Year 100%

Belongingness Motivation Idea that humans do not live as islands are motivated to connect to others. Idea that humans do not live as islands are motivated to connect to others. Aids Survival Aids Survival Creates Relationships. Creates Relationships.

Achievement Motivation Achievement Motivation: desire to accomplish things and attaining a high standard. Achievement Motivation: desire to accomplish things and attaining a high standard. 2 Types of Achievement Motivation: 2 Types of Achievement Motivation: 1. Intrinsic Motivation: performing task for its own sake. 2. Extrinsic Motivation: performing task because of you will receive rewards or punishments.

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’ Controlling reward Child: “As long as she pays, I’ll study.’’ Extrinsic motivation Mom: “Your grades were great! Let’s celebrate by going out for dinner.’’ Informative reward Child: “I love doing well.’’ Intrinsic motivation

The Art of Motivating People Industrial Psychology: subfield of psychology that studies workplace behavior. Looks to understand how to boost productivity and morale. Industrial Psychology: subfield of psychology that studies workplace behavior. Looks to understand how to boost productivity and morale. Personnel Psychology Personnel Psychology Organizational psychology Organizational psychology

Leadership Styles: 2 Types Task Leadership: focuses on goals of organization (the tasks at hand). Task Leadership: focuses on goals of organization (the tasks at hand). Social Leadership: group oriented leadership focused on relationship building. Teamwork and mediation of conflict. Social Leadership: group oriented leadership focused on relationship building. Teamwork and mediation of conflict.

Leadership Theories Theory X: assumes that workers are stupid, error prone, and extrinsically motivated. Need to be directed from above. Theory X: assumes that workers are stupid, error prone, and extrinsically motivated. Need to be directed from above. Theory Y: assumes that workers are motivated to achieve self esteem and should be challenged and given freedom. Theory Y: assumes that workers are motivated to achieve self esteem and should be challenged and given freedom.