Native American life changed dramatically as a result of westward expansion Impact on Native Americans: 1.Forced to move to reservations 2.Decreased population 1.Warfare – Native Americans fight back 2.Disease 3.Lifestyle changes because of forced assimilation 4.Government breaks treaties

Settlers felt justified in taking Native Americans land because they felt they were making the land more productive. Treaties forced millions of Native Americans onto reservations Reservation: small piece of government land set aside for Native Americans

Named after his father, a baptized Christian, leader of the Nez Percé Nez Percé were forced onto a reservation in Idaho (1/10 of the size of their original land) Chief Joseph led a group of 750 Native Americans out of Idaho, escaping the reservation General Oliver Howard was ordered to bring Indians back to the reservation Chief Joseph and others were caught and surrendered at Bear’s Paw Mountain

“Here me, my chiefs. I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever. “ - Chief Joseph

American Indians previously occupied the west and viewed settlers as invaders. Examples of Warfare: 1.Battle of Little Bighorn and the Massacre of Wounded Knee 2.Geronimo and Apache raids

Gold was discovered on the Sioux Reservation in South Dakota Many Sioux, including Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, fled the reservation to Montana Col. George Custer and troops were sent to drive the Native Americans back to their reservation They met 2,000 warriors (largest Indian force ever gathered in the Plains) Custer was killed

After Col. Custer was defeated at Little Bighorn, U.S. Army was sent in Sitting Bull was killed along with 120 men, 230 women and children at a creek call Wounded Knee Massacre at Wounded Knee was the last major episode of violence in Native American wars

Geronimo, leader of the Apache Native Americans in Southwest U.S. Geronimo fought against Mexico and the United States As Americans moved further west, Geronimo led several attacks on U.S. Apache believed Geronimo had special powers - for example, believed he could walk without leaving tracks After many battles, Apache were forced to surrender to the U.S. in 1886 in Arizona

Many Native Americans were killed by diseases brought by western settlers Numerous diseases were brought to Native American tribes including: Measles Scarlet fever Typhoid Influenza Pertussis (whooping cough) Tuberculosis Diphtheria Chickenpox

Assimilation: to blend into another culture, to accept that culture as one’s own. 1. Deliberate reduction of buffalo herds to force them to move off their hunting grounds to reservations 2. Efforts to get Native Americans to become settled farmers – settlers wanted the land to be used more “productively” 3. Native Americans were not considered citizens until 1924

Assimilation