Unit 6: Causes of the Civil War Through Reconstruction Chapter 14: A Violent Choice – Civil War,

The Union & Confederacy, 1861

Northern Advantages Wealthy – better able to finance the war Strong industrial base Larger population Superior Navy Extensive railroad network

Southern Advantages Vast in size, making it difficult to conquer Fought a defensive war on its home territory Group of experienced & skilled military commanders

North vs. South

Immigrants as a % of a State’s Population in 1860

Resources: North and South

Railroad Lines, 1860

Union Strategies Anaconda Plan Naval blockade to shut out supplies from Europe; eventually was effective Campaign to take the Mississippi River, which would split the South in two The taking of several strategic points, which would require huge armies to apply pressure on the Confederacy

The Anaconda Plan

The Diplomatic Front Southerners thought that the British & French, driven by their desire for cotton, would intervene on the South’s behalf Confederates prohibited the export of cotton in order to hasten British & French intervention British were successful in finding alternative sources of cotton British public opinion opposed slavery

The Diplomatic Front Northern leaders took a hard line warning Europeans not to interfere Europeans remained neutral

The Diplomatic Front The Trent Incident Nov Union leaders stopped the British ship, Trent, & removed Confederate emissaries British were outraged, viewing it as a violation of their rights on the seas Lincoln peacefully resolved the situation

Battle of Antietam: Bloodiest Day of the War September 17, ,000 casualties First major battle fought on Union territory (Maryland) Ended in a draw, but Confederates retreated Gave Lincoln confidence to issue the E.P.

The Emancipation Proclamation “Freed” the slaves in the South, but not in the border states Strengthened the north’s moral cause Helped rally anti-slavery support in Europe

Emancipation in 1863

The Union & Blacks/Slaves The initial purpose of the war was to “save the Union” The idea of ending slavery was difficult for Lincoln Racism in the North Border states were slave states Slavery was constitutional Re-election in 1864? Summer 1862 Congress authorized A-As to fight in the armed forces By issuing the E.P., slavery became the official cause of the war

African Americans in Civil War Battles

The 54 th Massachusetts First black regiment recruited in the North Protested unequal pay Lead the assault on Battery Wagner in Charleston Harbor but lost (July 1863) Proved that blacks could fight The 54 th Massachusetts Infantry attacking Fort Wagner July, 1863

Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863) Lee attempted but failed to invade the North; victory by the south would have ended the war Union soldiers won the 3-day battle, but casualties were high

The Gettysburg Address Lincoln’s address at the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery, Nov. 19, 1863 Lincoln & others assembled here to dedicate a plot of land that would become a soldier’s cemetery

Instituting the Draft Initially, the North relied on volunteers, but few volunteered by 1863 Congress passed the first Conscription Act in 1863 The rich hired substitutes to go in their place & paid $300 With the burden of the war falling on the urban poor, many protested the draft & became violent – New York City Draft Riots (July 1863)

NYC Draft Riots July 13-16, 1863

Election of 1864

Sherman’s March to the Sea After capturing Atlanta, General Sherman began a “scorched-earth” campaign with an objective of reaching Savannah Destroyed industry, infrastructure, & civilian property Plantations were burned, crops destroyed, & stores of food pillaged Beginning of the end for the Confederacy

End of the War Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox on April 9, 1865

Casualties of the War

Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress Morrill Tariff Act – 1861 Homestead Act – 1862 Legal Tender Act – 1862 Morrill Land Grant College Act – 1862 Pacific Railway Act