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Democratic Physically fit Religion built around myths and stories about gods and great people Competitive Make beautiful pottery Philosophical Brilliant story tellers with long oral traditions Brave warriors Greeks

Democratic Physically fit Religion built around myths and stories about gods and great people Competitive Make beautiful pottery Philosophical Brilliant story tellers with long oral traditions Brave warriors Native Americans

Democracy

Religion

Pottery

Warriors

ist_safety_mode=1&safe=active How Americans viewed the Greeks

st_safety_mode=1&safe=active How Americans viewed the Natives

Assimilation “Instead of killing them all, let’s just force them to act like us.” They must give up their traditions, language, culture, clothing style, way of life… everything (but don’t worry because it is for their own good). Dawes Act Passed by Congress in 1887 Focused on trying to “Americanize” the natives Breaks up reservations and redistributes the land to individuals. Treatment of Natives

About 65 million in 1800 Way of life foundation for many tribes Food, clothing, fuel, sport, homes… Slaughtered by settlers, soldiers, tourists, fur traders… By 1890 fewer than 1000 bison left. What happens to those that depended on the bison? Bison

Natives lived in small extended family groups Young men trained to become hunters and warriors Women helped butcher and prepare the hides Some young women chose their spouses Belief that spirits control events in the natural world Children who show a sensitivity to these spirits are trained to be shamans Children learn through myths, games, stories and good examples No individual is allowed to dominate the others Leaders rule by counsel, not force and land is held for all to use Family Life

Even though the land West of the Mississippi was supposed to be for Native American use white settlers continued to push farther and farther West. Why? Gold, Adventure, Tabula Rasa (clean slate), Land, Grass is always greener… Justification? Racism Different ideas about land claims Property Claims

Santa Fe Pull of the West

Mining Towns vs Cities

Dirty Thrown together Mostly Male Full of bars and brothels Temporary What are mining towns like?

Cheyenne returned to Sand Creek for the winter (where they were supposed to be Army commander in the West wants to make the Natives suffer so he orders colonel Chivington to attack Sand Creek November 29, 1864 Sand Creek was attacked at dawn (there were 200 warriors and 500 women and children camped there) At the end 150 Natives were killed (mostly women and children) Massacre at Sand Creek

Trail runs through Sioux hunting grounds Sioux asked government to prevent white settlement along the trail and were rejected Crazy Horse and his warriors attack soldiers stationed at a fort and kill 80 of them Violence between the two sides continues until the government closes the Bozeman Trail Treaty of Fort Laramie forces the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River although Sitting Bull never signed it (although other Sioux leaders did with the expectation that they would be allowed to continue to use their hunting grounds) Death on the Bozeman Trail

, with six years of tension leading up to it Army rounded up all friendly tribes and put them on reservations Then opened fire on all other tribes They were instructed to kill all warriors and bring back all women and children With these tactics the resistance was crushed on the Southern Plains Red River War

Within four years of the Treaty of Fort Laramie miners begin searching the Black Hills for Gold Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho protest, but get no where When Colonel Custer announced the Black Hills was covered in gold the gold rush began in earnest Once again chiefs asked the government to stop the rush on their land Gold Rush

Colonel Custer marched on Little Big Horn the Natives were ready because of a vision Crazy Horse, Gall and Sitting Bull led their warriors to outflank and crush Custer’s men. Within and hour Custer and his men were all dead. Eventually the Sioux were defeated and a few of their leaders took refuge in Canada. Later, Sitting Bull was forced to surrender himself or let all his people starve Custer’s Last Stand

Passed in 1887 meant to “Americanize” the Natives (force them to act like whites, they needed to give up their language, culture, traditions, hunting, schools, tribal councils and way of life) Broke up the reservations and gave the land to individual Natives and sold the rest to settlers The money from the sell was supposed to be used by the Natives to buy farm equipment. Eventually 2/3 of the reservation land was sold and Natives received no money from the sell. Dawes Act

December 28, 1890 the Seventh Cavalry rounded up 350 starving Sioux and marched them to a camp at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota. The next day the soldiers demanded that the Natives give up all their weapons. Most of them did, but at one point a shot was fired (who knows which side) Minutes later 300 mostly unarmed Natives were dead (some of them children) The soldiers left the corpses to freeze on the ground instead of burying them with respect Wounded Knee

American cowboys copied almost everything from Spanish vaqueros in Mexico Chaparreras=chaps Bronco caballo=bronco Mestenos=mustangs Rancho=ranch The entire way of life that we think is so “American” was borrowed from somewhere else. Vaqueros and Cowboys

Use cows to make dairy products like butter and cheese Want fenced ranges and fields to keep their animals where they belong and out of their crops Long hours Herd cattle to railroad stations to be shipped all over the country Want wide open ranges for their cattle to graze on and be herded across Long hours Died down because of overgrazing, extended bad weather, invention of barbed wire… Turned to large fenced in ranches. Cowboys vs Farmers

With the growth of the railroads the demand for beef increased at the end of the Civil War A route from Sedalia, Texas to Chicago was beneficial until farmers started fencing off their land because they were sick of trampled crops Some herds then had to be sold at ridiculous prices and other herd were left to starve Growing Demand for Beef

A more convenient route then had to be found Chisholm Trail (from San Antonio through Oklahoma and Kansas) Abilene became the biggest Cow Town and ranchers began to hire cowboys to drive their cattle to Abilene where 75,000 cattle where sold every year Cow Town

10-14 hours Aged Gun usually used to protect herd from wild or diseased animals Beginning of the cowboys season in the Spring Round them up into a huge corral, let them starve until the would rather eat instead of run away, then they separate them using brands The long drive lasted 3 months, 1 cowboy/300 cows, a cook, a wrangler and trail boss who earned $100/month to supervise and negotiate with settlers and Natives, always had to be prepared for loss of cattle at the rivers and a stampede that could be started from lightning or even a sneeze Day’s Work, Round up & The Long Drive

Wild Bill Buffalo Bill Calamity Jane Annie Oakley All became famous Legends of the West which is often more hype than reality. Legends of the West

Overgrazing, bad weather, and the invention of barbed wire ended the Open Range End of the Open Range

Oklahoma The Farmer and the Cowmen