Warm-Up: describe this painting

Fulfilling Manifest Destiny Westward Expansion Fulfilling Manifest Destiny

Moving West Push Factors Pull Factors Civil War displaced persons: farmers, former slaves and others Available farm land Religious repression Open spaces sheltered outlaws Private Property Morrill Land Grant Land to railroads Homestead Act 1862 160 acres land free if you were 21 years old or heads of families; built a house, lived on it 6 months; and farm for 5 years in a row

Settlers believed that they had a right to the western land because they produced more food and wealth than the Native Americans Immigrants went west for cheap land and new jobs Exodusters were ex-slaves who moved west to escape racial violence in the South and to make a new beginning and farming was the skill most already knew

First removal was the Trail of Tears 1832 The Native Americans First removal was the Trail of Tears 1832

Came from many diverse cultures but shared common view toward nature Native Americans saw themselves as part of nature and viewed nature as sacred Many white Americans viewed the land as a resource to produce wealth Native Americans and the settlers had very differing concepts of land ownership

During the 1800s, the government carried out a policy of moving Indians out of the way of white settlers, encouraging attempts to take Native American lands At first, Indians in the East were moved west, into the Indian Territory of the Plains. Frontier settlers continued pushing west, pressuring the government to open Indian Territory. Indians were forced into reservations, no longer free to roam the Plains.

Two other crises also threatened Native American civilizations. Settlers introduced diseases to which Indians had no immunity. Disease Settlers slaughtered buffalo herds. Loss of the buffalo As more and more settlers moved west, the Native American tribes were weakened or destroyed. 8

Some Native Americans fought to defend their lands. The Sand Creek Massacre saw an unarmed camp of Indians under the U.S. Army protection killed by Colorado militia. But attacks and retaliation led to distrust—and to tragedy. Promises were made and peace treaties were signed, but they often were broken. 9

Frustration turned to violence as the government moved to crush Indian resistance. The Red River War led to the defeat of the Southern Plains Indians. The Sioux were victorious at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Chief Joseph and the Nez Percés surrendered after attempting to retreat to Canada. 10

As their way of life slipped away, some Indians turned to a religious revival based on the Ghost Dance. The ritual preached that white settlers would be banished and the buffalo would return. Fearful of insurrection, government officials tried to ban the practice.

However, he was killed in a confrontation with U.S. troops. In an effort to end the Ghost Dance, the government attempted to arrest Sitting Bull. However, he was killed in a confrontation with U.S. troops. More than 100 Indians who fled were killed at Wounded Knee. The Indian Wars were over. 12

Some critics attacked government policies and defended the Indians’ way of life. Most leaders, however, hoped that Native Americans would assimilate into American life, becoming “civilized” and adopting white culture.

The Indian Right’s Movement would grow out of outrage In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes General Allotment Act to encourage assimilation. Replaced the reservation system with an allotment system Granted each Indian family its own plot of land Specified the land could not be sold for 25 years The Indian Right’s Movement would grow out of outrage because of the way the government treated the Native Americans

Activity: In The White Man’s Image video & questions