Important Industrial Chemicals Ammonia Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid

Ammonia Synthesis: Haber Process N 2 (g) + 3 H 2 (g)  2 NH 3 (g) Conditions: 300 atm, 500 o C  H f (NH 3 ) = kJ/mol S o (N 2 ) = J/Kmol S o (H 2 ) = J/Kmol S o (NH 3 ) = J/Kmol  H rxn =  S rxn =

2 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (s) + 6 SiO 2 (s) + 10 C(s)  6 CaSiO 3 (l) + 10 CO(g) + P 4 (g) P 4 (g) + 5 O 2 (g)  P 4 O 10 (g) P 4 O H 2 O(l)  4 H 3 PO 4 (l) Phosphoric Acid Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 F + 5 H 2 SO H 2 O  3 H 3 PO CaSO 4  2H 2 O + HF OR

Phosphate Esters!

S(s) + O 2 (g)  SO 2 (g) 2 SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)  2 SO 3 (g)uses V 2 O 5 catalyst SO 3 (g) + H 2 O(l)  H 2 SO 4 (aq) Why it’s so popular:  H = -436 kJ/mol Sulfuric Acid: # 1 Chemical

S(s) + O 2 (g)  SO 2 (g) 2 SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)  2 SO 3 (g)uses V 2 O 5 catalyst SO 3 (g) + H 2 O(l)  H 2 SO 4 (aq) Where have you seen this chemistry before?

Important Industrial Chemicals Group 1A LiAlH 4, LiBH 4 :reducing agents Li 2 CO 3 : treating schizophrenia NaHCO 3 :Baking powder Na 2 CO 3 :Baking soda NaOH:detergents, oven cleaner, paper NaCN: NaClO3, KClO3:

Cool things about Group 1A metals 1. When dissolved in ammonia, they give a “solvated electron” M(s)  M + (amm) + e - (amm) 2. Self-contained breathing apparatus 4 KO 2 (s) + 2 H 2 O(l)  3 O 2 (g) + 4 KOH(s) KOH(s) + CO 2 (g)  KHCO 3 (s)

Important Industrial Group 2A Chemicals MgSO 4  7H 2 O:Epsom salt CaCO 3 : limestone (antacid) CaO:3 rd ranked chemical- steel production Ca(OH) 2 :“Slaked lime” in cement CaSO 4  ½H 2 O:plaster of Paris CaSO 4  2H 2 O: Gypsum CaMg 3 (SiO 3 ) 4 : Asbestos BaCO 3 :rat posion

Important Industrial Group 3A Chemicals B 2 O 3 :Pyrex B 4 C:abrasive AlOHCl 2 (s): antiperspirant GaAs:III-V Semiconductors

Nitric Acid: Ostwald Process 4 NH 3 (g) + 5 O 2 (g)  4 NO(g) + 6 H 2 O(g) 2 NO(g) + O 2 (g)  2 NO 2 (g) 3 NO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l)  2 HNO 3 (aq) + NO(g)

Phosphorus! Phosphorus pentoxide: P 4 O 10 dehydrating agent P 4 O H 2 O  4 H 3 PO 4

Hydrochloric Acid 1. Classic Salt-Cake Process: 2 NaCl + H 2 SO 4  Na 2 SO HCl 2. Hargreaves Process: 2 NaCl + SO 3 + ½ O 2 + H 2 O  Na 2 SO HCl 3. Direct Process (only when high purity is needed): H 2 + Cl 2  2 HCl 4. By-product of organic syntheses: most HCl comes from this