Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

Unit Overview- We will first take a look at motivation Motivational Concepts Hunger Sexual Motivation The Need to Belong Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Introduction Motivation

Motivational Concepts

Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Instinct (fixed pattern) Instincts in animals- cats know how to clean themselves Instincts in humans- babies rooting and sucking reflexes

Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

What are the top three positive incentives we have in society? Drives and Incentives Incentive Positive and negative When there is a need and an incentive we feel highly driven What are the top three positive incentives we have in society?

Optimum Arousal Arousal Motivated behaviors increase arousal Go beyond your homeostasis if you are motivated Animals that are curious increase activity

A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Variations in the hierarchy

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

Maslow, motivation, and incentives in the real world… Worst Day of Life- 1 min TPS Reports- min Working Tomorrow- 1 min Office Space Bob Interview- 2 min

Science of Motivation You will now hear a presentation from a social scientist on motivation. Please record five quotes and three questions that relate to motivation you feel are worth further discussion Ask Ted- Motivation 18 min

Hunger

The Physiology of Hunger Contractions of the stomach Washburn study- Swallows baloon and the balloon is filled up it recorded his contractions to a recording device Conclusion was that he was having stomach contractions every time he was hungry

The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Glucose Hypothalamus- influences eating

The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Appetite hormones Ghrelin Obestatin PYY Leptin Set point Basal metabolic rate

The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Genetic: sweet and salty Neophobia Adaptive taste preferences

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Binge-eating disorder

How does this look….. HBO- Eating Disorder Clinic- 8 min Bulimia- Dr. Phil- 3 min Eating Disorder Statistics Eating Disorders in Hollywood- 4:30

Obesity We are going to learn about the psychology behind obesity First, let’s get an idea of the bigger picture. Please record three quotes stand stood out to you….. Nightline- Obesity in America- 8 min

Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity Weight discrimination Psychological effects of obesity

Weight Discrimination

Weight Discrimination

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Fat Cells- We store energy in fat cells, which become lager and more numerous if we are obese and smaller if we lose weight

Fat Cells An adult has 30 to 40 billion fat cells A fat cell can vary from relatively empty (like a deflated balloon) In an obese person the fat cells may swell to nearly triple their original size and then divide and increase fat cells to nearly 80 billion

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity 66% of Americans are overweight Store moderate amounts of fat for energy Those overweight over 40 die an average of three years younger

Set Point and Metabolism Once we become fat we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it Fat has less of a metabolic rate- it takes less food energy to maintain When an overweight persons body drops below its previous set point, the person’s hunger increases and metabolism decreases. The body adapts to starvation and burns off fewer calories

How does this work? In a month long experiment, obese patients whose daily food intake was reduced from 3500 to 450 calories lost only 6 percent of their weight partly because their body reacted like they were being starved

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity The genetic factor Identical twins have similar weights even when reared apart FTO gene nearly doubles the risk of become obese

But there is also nurture… Sleep loss is correlated to obesity Social Influence- higher likelihood of being obese if your close friends are obese Lack of activity and exercise Unhealthy fast food and highly processed diet Some want fast food tax, higher insurance premiums, junk food free schools

How much do we think we need to eat?

Hardees's Country Breakfast Burrito packs 920 calories and 60 fat grams.

U.S vs. Europe

Obesity, culture and the food industry US vs. European Portion Sizes Please record five quotes you feel would be valuable for a psychologist to know in treating an obese patient Quote 1 Quote 2 Quote 3 Quote 4 Quote 5

Obesity, culture and the food industry Obesity and Proximity to Fast Food Restaurants Quote 1 Quote 2 Quote 3 Quote 4 Quote 5

Fast Food and Fat Profits Fast Food and Obesity in America- 23 minutes Obesity Map and Trends If you need to review the film go to you tube and search Fast food, fat profits: Obesity in America Quote 1 Quote 2 Quote 3 Quote 4 Quote 5

The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasm Resolution phase Refractory period

The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior Effects of hormones Development of sexual characteristics Activate sexual behavior Estrogen Testosterone

The Psychology of Sex External stimuli such as seeing, hearing, or reading adult material have similar effects on both men and women according to studies Sexually explicit material can have adverse effects and objectify women and increase violence towards women (think Ted Bundy)

The Psychology of Sex Studies have show that: Males that view sexually attractive women in different forms of media find an average woman or their own girlfriend or wife less attractive Viewing adult films diminishes people’s satisfaction with their own sexual partner

Imagined Stimuli The brain is considered to be the most sexually responsive part of the body Imagination and fantasies can cause arousal Dreams are highly associated with sexual arousal Increased sexual fantasies is not considered maladaptive behavior

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Adolescent Sexuality Teen Pregnancy Ignorance Minimal communication about birth control Guilt related to sexual activity Alcohol use Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections Statistics of STIs Teen abstinence High intelligence Religious engagement Father presence Participation in service learning programs xxx

STI cont…. 70% of all new infections occur in people under the age of 25 Nearly 40% of all sexually experienced female teenagers have an STI Condoms offer little protection against skin to skin STI (such as genital herpes and warts) Thailand promoted 100 percent condom use by commercial sex workers and STI’s decreased from 420,00 to 28,00 over a four year period

What is the responsibility of schools? Abstinence education vs. sex ed education What are the pro’s and con’s of each? Moral and religious principles and the role of school

Let’s look at some research Consider: Do you think the title of the article sends a negative message? What are some key quotes that stood out to you? STD's are normal article

Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation Sexual orientation statistics Homosexual orientation Heterosexual orientation Sexual orientation statistics

Sexual Orientation Origins of Sexual Orientation Origins of sexual orientation studies Fraternal birth order effect Same-sex attraction in animals The brain and sexual orientation Genes and sexual orientation Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation

Birth order and sexual preference theories Fraternal birth order effect- men who have older brothers are more likely to be gay- about one third more likely for each additional brother If the odds of homosexuality are roughly 2 percent among first sons, they would rise to 3 percent for seconds sons and 4 percent for third sons and so on

Why? The theory suggests that with each pregnancy with a male fetus, the maternal antibodies become stronger and may prevent the brain from developing in a male typical pattern

Same Sex Attraction in Animals Several hundred species show signs of same sex relationships have been observed

Brain and Sexual Orientation Recent studies have found that gay men and straight women have brain hemispheres of similar size. Lesbian women and straight men have larger right hemispheres Hypothalamus plays a role- When straight women are given a whiff of a scent derived from a man’s sweat their hypothalamus lights up in an area governing sexual arousal. But straight men only show the arousal response to female hormones

Genes and Sexual Orientation Identical twins are more likely to share a homosexual orientation than fraternal twins Experimenters have manipulated the genes of fruit flies that make female fruit flies court like men fruit flies Hamer X 28 chromosome found to be a high correlation to homosexuality

The debate continues… New research continues to come out on the origins of sexuality and there is still evidence that supports both nature and nurture

The End

Definition Slides

Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Instinct = a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

Drive-reduction Theory = the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. If we are water deprived, our thirst drives us to drink and restore the body’s natural state (homeostasis)

Homeostasis = a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. Helps explain the need for drive reduction theory

Incentive = a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

Hierarchy of Needs = Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Glucose = the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Set Point = the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Basal Metabolic Rate = the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Anorexia Nervosa = an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

Bulimia Nervosa = an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Binge-eating Disorder = significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

Sexual Response Cycle = the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Refractory Period = a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Estrogens = sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Sexual Orientation = an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).