Good morning! Write today’s word and its definition on your new vocabulary sheet, and then get out materials to take some grammar notes. (You don’t need to write today’s vocab. sentence yet.)

Phrase vs. Clause Clause: a group of words with both a subject and a verb Phrase: a group of words that does not have both a subject and a verb

Types of Clauses Independent Clause (I.C.) a group of words with both a subject and verb that can stand alone as a sentence Examples: I like pizza. I have a dog. Robert runs fast.

Types of Clauses continued… Dependent Clause, also called Subordinate Clause (D.C.) a group of words with both a subject and verb that cannot stand alone as a sentence Examples: When I grow up Because I like gravy If we win the lottery Since it is raining After we came home Although he is my friend Whenever Sam calls Before you go home Unless we win the game While you eat dinner Wherever we drive Anywhere he stands

Subordinating Conjunctions After, how, till ( or 'til), although, if unless, as, in as much,   until, as if, in order that, when, as long as, lest, whenever, as much as, now that, whereas, soon as, provided (that),  wherever, as though, since, while, because, so that, before, than even if, that, even though,   though

Types of Sentences Simple = I.C. Examples: We went outside. I passed English. The puppy is sleeping.

Types of Sentences continued… Compound = I.C. + I.C. Examples: We went outside, and the sun was shining. I passed English; I studied so hard. The independent clauses must be joined either by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) or by a semicolon.

Types of Sentences continued… Complex = I.C. + D.C. Examples: I passed English since I studied very diligently. Because the sun was shining, we went outside. *When the dependent clause comes first, it must be followed by a comma. *You don’t need a comma when you write the dependent clause last.

Types of Sentences continued… Compound-Complex = I.C. + I.C. + D.C. Examples: We went outside, and it was a beautiful day because the rain had stopped. We went outside because the rain had stopped, for it was a beautiful day. Because the rain had stopped, we went outside; it was a beautiful day.

Formulas Simple = I.C. Compound = I.C. + I.C. Complex = I.C. + D.C. Compound-Complex = I.C. + I.C. + D.C.

What type of sentence is this? Last night the puppy was sleeping on a rug under the stairs with her mother happily snoozing by her side.

Verbals Verbals are words that are made from verbs but are used as other parts of speech. There are three types of Verbals: Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives.

Participles A participle is a verb form that acts as an adjective. It describes a noun or a pronoun. the sleeping child a flying bug A participial phrase is a phrase with the participle and its modifiers and complements. Dancing crazily, the flower girl made every member of the wedding party smile.

Present Participle = a participle with a present tense verb Misplaced or dangling participle: the participial phrase modifies the wrong object. Drifting gently to the ground, Jordan was overwhelmed by the beauty of the snow. Corrected: Drifting gently to the ground, the snow was overwhelmingly beautiful to Jordan.

Past Participles Our repaired window shows no sign of the rock that crashed through it. A hush fell on the crowd as the injured player was carted off the field. The polluted bay cannot sustain any marine life. A watched pot never boils, but the liquid inside it does.

Find the Past Participial Phrase My brother, known to everyone at school as a math whiz, became an engineer. Concerned about her home, the elderly woman refused to leave it when the storm blew through. Published in 2006, Twilight has been an extraordinary success in the world of popular fiction. My cousin, excited to begin skiing, jumped from the lift and fell right on his face.

All of the following sentences are correct; which might have the strongest impact on a reader? My new dress, splashed with yellow paint, was ruined. Splashed with yellow paint, my new dress was ruined. My new dress was ruined, splashed with yellow paint.

Gerunds A gerund is a verb form that ends in ing and is used as a noun. Example: Sleeping is fun. The gerund sleeping serves as the subject in this sentence.

Infinitives An infinitive is a verb form introduced by the word to. It is used a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Example: She likes to sleep. The infinitive to sleep, a noun, serves as a direct object. I have a paper to write before class. The infinitive to write, functions as an adjective.

Verbals A gerund is a verb form that ends in ing and is used as a noun. A participle is a verb form that acts as an adjective. It describes a noun or a pronoun. An infinitive is a verb form introduced by the word to. It is used a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

Get into your groups from yesterday and finish working on finding the 4 types of sentences and the verbal types in To Kill a Mockingbird.

Coordinating Conjunctions F = for A = and N = nor B = but O = or Y = yet S = so Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses. A coordinating conjunction can join two main clauses that a writer wants to emphasize equally. The pattern for coordination looks like this: main Clause + , + coordinating conjunction + main Clause. Subordinating Conjunctions AWUBIST A- after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though W- When, whenever, Where, Whereever, While U- Until, unless B- Because, Before I- if, in S- Since, So T- That, Than, though, Till A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate clause to a main clause.

Prepositional Phrases A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition. A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples: The book is on the table. The book is beneath the table. The book is leaning against the table. The book is beside the table. She held the book over the table. She read the book during class.

A prepositional phrase is made up of the preposition, its object and any associated adjectives or adverbs. A prepositional phrase can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. The most common prepositions are "about," "above," "across," "after," "against," "along," "among," "around," "at," "before," "behind," "below," "beneath," "beside," "between," "beyond," "but," "by," "despite," "down," "during," "except," "for," "from," "in," "inside," "into," "like," "near," "of," "off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside," "over," "past," "since," "through," "throughout," "till," "to," "toward," "under," "underneath," "until," "up," "upon," "with," "within," and "without."