Ch. 16 – Expanding West Texas Gaining Independence & Becoming a State 16.2 – 16.3 US History

Recap: 16.1 Cornell Notes Life in Northern New Spain California Californios Missions Tejanos The Mexican War for Independence An Independent Mexico

16.2 Key Questions Why did Mexico allow the first American settlers into Texas, and what conditions did the Mexican government establish? Why did many Texans choose to rebel against Mexico? What events led Texas to win its independence from Mexico?

American Settlers Welcome 1821 – Mexican government welcomed American settlers to Texas Mexican citizens, obey Mexican laws, & support the Roman Catholic Church Most settlers came from southern states “GTT” – Gone to Texas signs Empresarios – agents contracted by Mexico to bring settlers to Texas Empresarios received land in exchange Why would Texas welcome settlers to Texas? Can you see any problems With this idea?

Stephen F. Austin Empresario - Led settlers to Texas The first 300 families he brought became known as the “Old Three Hundred.” Families could receive 640 acres, with an extra 320 acres for each child. Many families brought slaves with them He tried to keep peace between Mexico & American settlers

Conflict in Texas: American Point of View US settlers ignored Mexican law Not interested in becoming Mexican citizens Texans – Americans & tejanos – thought Texas was underrepresented in Mexican government Wanted the Mexican Constitution of 1824 to be strictly enforced (limiting the central gov.) Too much power given to appointed officials rather than elected representatives

Conflict in Texas: Mexico’s Point of View Which side has a better argument? Mexican officials said Texas didn’t show respect for authority Americans outnumbered tejanos Americans weren’t following laws Slavery was outlawed but people brought slaves Mexican government restricted American immigration and enforce ban on slavery, raising tariffs on US goods, sent soldiers to enforce Mexican authority

Negotiations?? Stephen F. Austin tried to maintain peace between Texas & Mexico Austin was thrown in jail when petitioning the Mexican president for more self-government in Texas Austin was released after a year and said: “War is our only recourse (option). There is no other remedy. We must defend our rights, ourselves, & our country by force of arms.”

Texas War for Independence or Texas Revolution October 1835 – first battle Mexico: General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Texans made a temporary government & pledged to overthrown Santa Anna No official Texas army – only volunteers

BATTLE OF THE ALAMO November 1835 Texan army captured towns of Goliad & San Antonio The Alamo (an old Franciscan mission) was occupied by Texans Santa Anna became outraged and marched to San Antonio

Battle of the Alamo Santa Anna arrived at the Alamo with 3,000 soldiers on Feb. 23, 1836 Only 189 Texan troops Santa Anna surrounded it for 13 days Mexican army attacked - March 6, 1836 Mexican army won “Remember the Alamo” Why do you think Texans Used the phrase, “Remember the Alamo?”

The Battle of the Alamo March 6,1836

Battle of Goliad Mexican forces move to Goliad Texans outnumbered & surrender Texas Commander Fannin & almost 400 soldiers were charged with treason & executed by Santa Anna Outraged Texans

Convention of 1836 Texan leaders met to declare independence (prior to Alamo) Created a Texas Constitution Modeled on the United States Legalized slavery

Battle of San Jacinto Sam Houston, commander in chief of new Texas army, fought Santa Anna Houston’s troops were outnumbered & untrained Santa Anna carelessly chose a bad site for his camp April 21, 1836 – Houston’s army attacked & won the war

Texas Becomes a Republic Santa Anna was forced to recognize the independence of Texas in a treaty & was released to return to Mexico City Santa Anna was then thrown out of power by angry Mexican citizens Many Mexicans did not accept that Texas had become an independent country

16.3 The Lone Star Republic

16.3 Outline Why did Texas not immediately become part of the US? New immigrants and people already living there Issues in Texas

The Republic of Texas Sam Houston elected president Capital – Houston The US, France, & Great Britain all recognized Texas as independent, but not Mexico

Annexation? President Jackson – didn’t want to annex (take control of) Texas Concerned about balance between slave & free states Did not want war with Mexico Recognized Texas as an independent nation in 1837 President Buren made no changes President Polk makes changes

People Native Americans – President Houston was friendly, but President Lamar forced them out Tejanos – unfair treatment by American settlers, even though supported war Still maintained a presence

New Immigrants US Settlers European Slave Issue 100,000 new residents 1836-1845 Panic of 1837 European 1840s Germany Farming communities Slave Issue 1847 – 40,000 slaves Law passed banning free African Americans in Texas

Problems in the Republic Economic, military, & social issues Economic: Small towns & slow travel; based on agriculture (no manufacturing); high public debt Military: large & hard to defend; Texas Rangers to guard frontier Social: slavery, different people

Pres. Lamar in 1841 attacked New Mexico so Santa Anna recaptured San Antonio President Houston returned to presidency & ended fighting with a peace agreement in 1844