U.S. Expansion

Manifest Destiny John O’Sullivan Young America Movement –Free trade, social reform, westward expansion, support for republicanism abroad –Political movement (Dem faction) –Literary movement

Reason for Expansion M.D. Force Acceptable Cheap/free land New immigrants Moral/religious justifications Transportation = canals, RRs

Presidents Jefferson – Louisiana Monroe - FLA Tyler – Texas 1845 Polk – Oregon, Mexico

Texas Moses/Stephen Austin Land Grants By 1830 whites outnumbered Mexicans 1829 Mexico Outlaws slavery 1834 – Santa Anna demands enforcement Sam Houston leads revolt & declares Texas Ind. The Alamo Battle of San Jacinto (4/21/36) – 1 costly siesta

Remember the Alamo!

TEXAS  Republic of Texas (Lone Star Republic)  tejanos

Oregon Once jointly owned by U.S., Brits, Spn, Russia Spain cedes – Adams-Onis (1819) Oregon Trail, “Oregon Fever” (1840’s) 54-40>>>49 – sell out to South ?

Oregon Trail(s)

Mormon Wagon Train, Utah, 1873

The Donner Party April, 1846 – April, 1847

The Donner Party James Reed & Wife Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California  Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California CANNIBALISM? CANNIBALISM?

Mexican War Polk John Slidell sent to purchase NM & Cali Zach Taylor to Rio Grande “American Blood on American Soil”??? Whigs v Dems on expansion (slavery issue) (David) Wilmot Proviso (1846) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) Mexican Cession

The Bear Flag Republic John C. Frémont The Revolt - June 14, 1846

MEXICAN - AMERICAN WAR  Stephen Kearny  John C. Fremont  Bear Flag Rebellion - Bear Flag Republic  Winfield Scott  Zachary Taylor

The Bear Flag Republic John C. Frémont The Revolt - June 14, 1846

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 Results of the War: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848  Territory to U.S.  Texas boundary  U.S. paid Mexico $15 Million plus claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico (~$3.5M)

The Mexican Cession

Results of the Mexican War 1.Cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease). 2.U.S. added over 1 million square miles of land  Present-day TX, NM, AZ, CA, NV, UT, +) 3.The new territories brought into the Union forced the ex- plosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.  These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. 4.Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5.“Manifest Destiny” ? 1.Cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease). 2.U.S. added over 1 million square miles of land  Present-day TX, NM, AZ, CA, NV, UT, +) 3.The new territories brought into the Union forced the ex- plosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.  These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. 4.Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5.“Manifest Destiny” ?

Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Rep. David Wilmot (D-PA)

Free Soil Party Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!  “ Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.  Anti-slavery members of the Whig and Liberty Parties.  Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories  “ Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.  Anti-slavery members of the Whig and Liberty Parties.  Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories WHY?

1848 Presidential Election Results √

Settling The West Overview Homestead Act 1862: 160 free acres if developed for 5 years Transcontinental Railroad ( ): Federal government pays for building railroad. Land grants to many other railroads. Indian Wars: A series of wars leads to the defeat of Native Americans and beginning of reservations Dawes Act (1887): Attempt to “Americanize” (assimilate) Native Americans and distribute tribal land to individuals (with disastrous results).

Ostend Manifesto 1854 Franklin Pierce Attempt to buy Cuba from Spain accompanied by threats Anti-Slavery pressure to halt Leads to heightened tensions N v S Pierre Soule’

William Walker’s Filibustering Frenzy for Slave Empire in Central America Between the Years 1853 and 1860 Pro-Slavery prodigy from Tennessee Invaded Baja California in 1853 and est. the Republic of Sonora (defeated w/in months) Nicaragua –Accessory Transit Company –Defeats “Legitimists” on behalf of the “Democratic” Party –Declares himself President –Gov’t recognized by Pierce but later lost under pressure from Vanderbilt –Defeated by Central American alliance in ’57 –Several other attempts to form slave republic failed –Executed by Honduran gov’t in 1860