© life_edu Lecture 26 Part Ic. Animal and Human Cloning and Genetic Engineering Issues in Biotechnology: The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.us Medical Biotechnology

Issues in Biotechnology: Biotechnology, Our Society and Our Future OnCampus Live BCH 190, MIC 190, AFS 190, NRS 190, PLS 190 OnLine BCH 190 A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology A Public Access College Course The University of Rhode Island Kimberly Nelson Issues in Biotechnology: The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.us

© life_edu A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology The University of Rhode Island Issues in Biotechnology: The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.us BCH 190 Section II. The Applications of Biotechnology

Where is DNA in a cell? All of the information for each protein in a cell is in it’s DNA All of the information that codes for a complete organism is in DNA

Cloning Animals Cloning and Genetic Engineering in Animals

Genetically Engineered Animals Cloning and Genetic Engineering in Animals

How to Clone

Nuclear transfer procedures

This shows: All of the information that codes for an organism is in it’s DNA All of the DNA is the same in every cell DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell An Organism can be cloned by transferring it’s DNA to an egg cell

PromoterCoding SequenceTerminator Could we Genetically Engineer Cloned Animals? Controlled expression “making protein” Your favorite gene Vaccines Antibodies High Value Proteins Spider Silk in Goats Milk Stop transcription Message stability

Genetically Modified somatic nuclei could be implanted into unfertilized eggs to create a genetically modified clone

Genetically Modified somatic nuclei could be implanted into unfertilized eggs to create a genetically modified clone Transgenics and Cloned Animals

What is cloning? A process whereby all members are directly descended (asexually) from a single organism by……(various ways) Demonstrates that all the information required for an organism and its development are in the a single cell

Where is DNA in a cell? All of the information for each protein in a cell is in it’s DNA All of the information that codes for a complete organism is in DNA

Principle All cells are derived from a zygote All have the same genetic makeup All have the potential to develop into an individual

UCONN Clones

Many animals can now be cloned sheep cattle porcine mice rats mules frogs primates? And Genetically Engineered

Primates 2012 And Genetically Engineered Many animals can now be cloned

Issues in Biotechnology The ‘cloning’ of plants was demonstrated by Steward in 1958 at Cornell Univ. showing that plants could be grown back from a single cell. This ability is called “totipotency” and like the more recent examples of animal cloning, demonstrates: (A) that all biological scientists are unethical and fraudulent (B) that all of the DNA that codes for an entire organism is in every cell of that organism (C) Steward belonged to the group that called themselves the ‘Raeliens’ (D) the necessity to ban all types cloning (E) that the theory of evolution must be wrong

Could we Genetically Engineer Humans? Your favorite gene Insulin Cancer Anti-Oncogenes Parkinson’s Huntington’s SCID Beyond Therapy??? PromoterCoding SequenceTerminator Controlled expression “making protein” Stop transcription Message stability

Cells from an amniocentesis can be used for DNA sequence analysis. All of the genes for humans will be known. Disease genes would be detected. Cloned “correct” genes could be used for replacement. Corrected nucleus could be delivered to an unfertilized egg. Same baby without the defect. Can humans be cloned and/or genetically engineered?

Could we Genetically Engineer Humans?

The Tay Sachs Dilemma

Do You Think We Should We Genetically Engineer Humans? (A) yes (B) no (C) depends on the circumstance

Issues in Biotechnology I would clone myself if that were possible. (A) yes (B) no (C) undecided

The Possibilities of Human Cloning

To Clone or Not to Clone

18. Cloning illustrates that all of the genetic material required for an organism is in its DNA and that that information is in most cells of an adult organism. The control of biological feedback loops through modern biotechnology is of key interest to: (A) agricultural biotechnology only (B) across the various applications in biotechnology (C) pharmaceutical biotechnology only (D) tissue or organ level in medical biotechnology for humans (E) the field of gene therapy only

19. The control of gene expression is critical to all living things. The amino acid tryptophan is important for making many proteins. When there is plenty of tryptophan in a cell a protein binds to the gene that codes for enzyme that will make tryptophan. When there is no tryptophan present this protein falls off the DNA allowing the gene to be expressed so more tryptophan can be made. A protein that binds to a site on DNA next to a gene and blocks the transcription of that gene, thus preventing the synthesis of a protein that the gene prescribes is known as a: (A) repressor (B) regurgitator (C) responder (D) receptor (E) promoter

20. When a cell is cloned, the programs of gene expression are ‘re-set’. Having the capability to sense signals and react to stimuli is a central feature to all biological life processes. What are the regulatory processes in which there are signals indicating “too much” or “too little” which result in a correction to the processes? (A) feedback loops (B) regressions (C) stop codons (D) auto rewinds (E) edit functions

21. Animal Cloning and genetic engineering has been demonstrated in a number of species, including, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, mules, mice, rats and cattle. One can presume that these technologies in principle apply to humans. The main reason this has not been accomplished for humans is: (A) there is no good medical reason to support such research (B) there are already plenty of people, so there is no reason to make more (C) research on human cloning has been banned in most developed countries (D) the uniqueness and complicated nature of human biology prevents it (E) humans have a soul which cannot be cloned