AP Biology Review Session 4

A typical operon Regulatory gene Promoter Operator Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3 DNA Encodes repressor that in active form attaches to operator RNA polymerase binding site Switches operon on or off

Early embryo resulting from nuclear trans- plantation Surrogate mother Clone of donor Nucleus from donor cell

Early embryo resulting from nuclear trans- plantation Embryonic stem cells in culture Specialized cells Nucleus from donor cell

Gene regulation (a) operons oncogene (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) female (a) prokaryotic genes often grouped into is a normal gene that can be mutated to an in eukaryotes may involve when abnormal may lead to operons oncogene controlled by protein called can cause are switched on/off by (b) (c) in active form binds to (d) (e) (f) (g) are proteins that promote occurs in can produce female mammals multiple mRNAs per gene transcription

You should now be able to Explain how prokaryotic gene control occurs in the operon Describe the control points in expression of a eukaryotic gene Describe DNA packing and explain how it is related to gene expression Explain how alternative RNA splicing and microRNAs affect gene expression Compare and contrast the control mechanisms for prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

You should now be able to Distinguish between terms in the following groups: promoter—operator; oncogene—tumor suppressor gene; reproductive cloning— therapeutic cloning Define the following terms: Barr body, carcinogen, DNA microarray, homeotic gene; stem cell; X-chromosome inactivation Describe the process of signal transduction, explain how it relates to yeast mating, and explain how it is disrupted in cancer development Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

You should now be able to Explain how cascades of gene expression affect development Compare and contrast techniques of plant and animal cloning Describe the types of mutations that can lead to cancer Identify lifestyle choices that can reduce cancer risk Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bacterial clone Cut Bacterium DNA fragments Recombinant DNA plasmids Cut Recombinant bacteria Plasmids Genomic library

Mixture of DNA fragments Longer fragments move slower A “band” is a collection of DNA fragments of one particular length Power source Shorter fragments move faster DNA attracted to + pole due to PO4– groups

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) DNA amplified via Bacterial plasmids DNA Bacterial plasmids DNA sample treated with treated with (b) DNA fragments sorted by size via (c) Recombinant plasmids are inserted into bacteria Add (d) Particular DNA sequence highlighted are copied via (e) (f) Collection is called a

(a) (b) DNA amplified via Bacterial plasmids DNA sample treated with DNA amplified via (a) Bacterial plasmids DNA sample treated with treated with (b)

(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) DNA fragments sorted by size via (b) DNA fragments sorted by size via (c) Recombinant plasmids are inserted into bacteria Add (d) Particular DNA sequence highlighted are copied via (e) Collection is called a (f)

You should now be able to Distinguish between terms in the following groups: restriction enzyme—DNA ligase; GM organism—transgenic organism; SNP—RFLP; genomics—proteomics Define the following terms: cDNA, gel electrophoresis, gene cloning, genomic library, “pharm” animal, plasmid, probe, recombinant DNA, repetitive DNA, reverse transcriptase, STR, Taq polymerase, vector, whole-genome shotgun method Describe how genes are cloned   Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

You should now be able to Describe how a probe is used to identify a gene of interest Describe how gene therapy has been attempted and identify challenges to the effectiveness of this treatment approach Distinguish between the use of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in producing recombinant DNA products Identify advantages to producing pharmaceuticals with recombinant DNA technology   Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

What is the process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype? a. gene expression b. phenogenesis c. transcription d. recombination ANSWER

To initiate transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a(n) _______. a. operator b. exon c. promoter d. regulatory gene ANSWER

Genetically identical organisms are called __________________. a. operons b. clones c. microarrays d. homeotics ANSWER

Cancer-causing genes are called ________________. a. pathogenes b. oncogenes c. homeotic genes d. cancogenes ANSWER

What substance is known to cause more cases and types of cancer than any other? a. alcohol b. food coloring c. tobacco d. caffeine ANSWER

What is recombinant DNA? a. DNA that is produced as a result of crossing over b. DNA that carries genes from different organisms c. DNA that carries oncogenes d. an alternate form of DNA that is the product of mutation ANSWER

How does a vaccine work? a. It inhibits bacterial reproduction b. It kills cells infected with a virus c. It provides temporary immunity to a pathogen d. It stimulates the immune system ANSWER

Restriction enzymes are obtained from ______. a. archaea b. bacteria c. eukaryotes d. retroviruses ANSWER

What name is given to a region of DNA that is, with the exception of identical twins, unique to each individual? a. genetic marker b. codon c. genetic probe d. restriction fragment ANSWER

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments primarily on the basis of differences in their __________. a. G:T ratio b. C:T ratio c. A:G ratio d. length ANSWER