3 Models of Earth 3.1 Modeling the Planet 3.2 Mapmaking and Technology CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth EXIT CHAPTER 3.1 Modeling the Planet 3.2 Mapmaking and Technology 3.3 Topographic Maps CHAPTER OUTLINE

3 3.1 Modeling the Planet Models of Earth CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME 3.1 Modeling the Planet VOCABULARY A flat map of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can distort the shape, distance, and directions of different physical features. Different map projections are used to minimize distortion. map cartographer projection hemisphere Three common types of map projections are Mercator, equator prime meridian latitude Mercator Projection longitude map scale SECTION OUTLINE

3 3.1 Modeling the Planet Models of Earth CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME 3.1 Modeling the Planet VOCABULARY A flat map of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can distort the shape, distance, and directions of different physical features. Different map projections are used to minimize distortion. map cartographer projection hemisphere Three common types of map projections are Mercator, equator gnomonic, prime meridian latitude Gnomonic Projection longitude map scale SECTION OUTLINE

3 3.1 Modeling the Planet Models of Earth CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME 3.1 Modeling the Planet VOCABULARY A flat map of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can distort the shape, distance, and directions of different physical features. Different map projections are used to minimize distortion. map cartographer projection hemisphere Three common types of map projections are Mercator, equator gnomonic, and polyconic. prime meridian latitude Polyconic Projection longitude map scale SECTION OUTLINE

3 3.1 Modeling the Planet Models of Earth CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME 3.1 Modeling the Planet VOCABULARY On a map, horizontal lines show latitude, positions north and south of the equator. map cartographer projection Vertical lines show longitude, positions east and west of the prime meridian. hemisphere equator Map scales compare the size of the map with Earth’s surface. prime meridian latitude Latitude 90°N 90°S 60°N 60°S 30°N 30°S Equator 0° Longitude 90°W 90°E 60°W 30°W 60°E 30°E Prime Meridian 0° longitude map scale SECTION OUTLINE

CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY map cartographer map projection A flat, two-dimensional representation of Earth’s surface and features. hemisphere equator prime meridian latitude longitude map scale SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth cartographer One who makes maps. CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY map cartographer cartographer projection One who makes maps. hemisphere equator prime meridian latitude longitude map scale SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth projection CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY map cartographer projection projection A representation of the spherical Earth on the flat plane of a map. hemisphere equator prime meridian latitude longitude map scale SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth hemisphere CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY map cartographer hemisphere projection An equal division of Earth’s surface into northern and southern halves or eastern and western halves. hemisphere equator prime meridian latitude longitude map scale SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth equator CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY map cartographer equator projection The imaginary line dividing Earth’s surface into Northern and Southern Hemispheres; establishes 0° latitude. hemisphere equator prime meridian latitude longitude map scale SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth prime meridian CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY map cartographer prime meridian projection The imaginary line dividing Earth’s surface into Eastern and Western Hemispheres, established as 0° at Greenwich, England; the starting point for standard time zones. hemisphere equator prime meridian latitude longitude map scale SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth latitude CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY map cartographer latitude projection East-west lines parallel to the equator used to measure distance in degrees north and south, from 0° at the equator to 90° north and south at the poles. hemisphere equator prime meridian latitude longitude map scale SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth longitude CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY map cartographer longitude projection North-south lines running between the poles, used to measure distance in degrees east and west of the prime meridian, from 0° at the prime meridian to 180° east and west. hemisphere equator prime meridian latitude longitude map scale SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth map scale CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY map cartographer map scale projection On a map, the comparison of distance units used with actual distances on Earth’s surface; may be expressed as a ratio, a fraction, or in a scale bar. hemisphere equator prime meridian latitude longitude map scale SECTION OUTLINE

3.2 Mapmaking and Technology CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME 3.2 Mapmaking and Technology VOCABULARY Mapmaking techniques have dramatically changed over the past 60 years. The use of remote-sensing methods allows mapmakers to produce accurate maps of many places on Earth. radar false-color image The data collected is converted to code, then pixels. Software then coverts the pixels into usage images. Code 151 97 128 133 64 102 46 78 A scanner on a satellite constantly records data from Earth’s surface. Instruments measure electromagnetic waves emitted by each object on Earth. Pixels Image SECTION OUTLINE

3.2 Mapmaking and Technology CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME 3.2 Mapmaking and Technology VOCABULARY With the help of computers, cartographers use remote-sensing data to make detailed maps. radar false-color image Two important types of mapping systems that use remote-sensing data and computers are the global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information systems (GIS). Images produced using data from satellites are used in many areas of science and research. SECTION OUTLINE

CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY radar false-color image radar A method of detecting distant objects and recording their features and properties by analysis of electromagnetic waves reflected from their surfaces. SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth false-color image CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY radar false-color image false-color image A computer image that assigns distinctive colors to different wavelengths of light reflected from a distant object, delineating surface features; used frequently in satellite images of Earth from space. SECTION OUTLINE

3 3.3 Topographic Maps Models of Earth CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME 3.3 Topographic Maps VOCABULARY Topographic maps show the physical features of an area, its topography. The maps indicate elevation and average slope by using contour lines. topographic map topograpy contour lines contour interval slope magnetic declination Index contour Contour line Contour lines show changes in elevation on this topographic map. SECTION OUTLINE

3 3.3 Topographic Maps Models of Earth CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME 3.3 Topographic Maps VOCABULARY Different symbols and colors are used to indicate various features on topographic maps, including bodies of water and human-made structures. topographic map topograpy contour lines contour interval River slope magnetic declination Isobath Settled area A topographic map of Portland, Maine shows various physical features of the area. SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth topographic map CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY topographic map topograpy topographic map contour lines A map that uses contour lines and symbols to show the surface features of a particular area, including natural features like mountains, valleys, bodies of water, as well as human-made features like bridges, buildings, and roads. contour interval slope magnetic declination SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth topography CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY topographic map topograpy topography contour lines All natural and human-made surface features of a particular area. contour interval slope magnetic declination SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth contour lines CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY topographic map topograpy contour lines contour lines Lines on a topographic map showing elevation of land above or below sea level, all points connected by a line having the same elevation. contour interval slope magnetic declination SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth contour interval CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY topographic map topograpy contour interval contour lines The difference in elevation between two consecutive contour lines. contour interval slope magnetic declination SECTION OUTLINE

CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY topographic map topograpy slope contour lines The steepness of a landscape, calculated as the change in elevation divided by the distance covered. contour interval slope magnetic declination SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth magnetic declination CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY topographic map topograpy magnetic declination contour lines The angle by which the compass needle varies from true north; magnetic variation. contour interval slope magnetic declination SECTION OUTLINE

3 Models of Earth I. Modeling the Planet A. Maps B. Map Projections CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY I. Modeling the Planet map A. Maps cartographer B. Map Projections projection 1. Mercator Projection hemisphere 2. Gnomonic Projection equator 3. Polyconic Projection prime meridian C. Latitude and Longitude latitude D. Map Scales longitude E. Map Orientation map scale KEY IDEA SUMMARY

II. Mapmaking and Technology CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY II. Mapmaking and Technology radar A. How Cartographers Traditionally Worked false-color image B. How Technology Has Changed Mapmaking C. Satellite Technology D. Computer Technology 1. The Global Positioning System 2. Geographic Information Systems E. New Ways to Print and Produce Maps KEY IDEA SUMMARY

3 Models of Earth III. Topographic Maps CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY III. Topographic Maps topographic map A. Qualities of Topographic Maps topograpy 1. Contour Lines contour lines 2. Slope and Elevation contour interval B. Understanding Topographic Map Symbols slope C. Using Topographic Maps magnetic declination KEY IDEA SUMMARY

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