C A T A P U L T S Physics, Background and History

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Presentation transcript:

C A T A P U L T S Physics, Background and History

Definition A machine that converts POTENTIAL ENERGY into mechanical motion or KINETIC ENERGY” Comes from the Greek word “Katapultos,” meaning “shield crusher” AKA: Siege Engine or Siege Machine

The Invention The catapult, as we would recognize it today, was invented by the Greeks about 399 BC but various forms were found in central Asia much earlier than that During the war with Carthage, Dionysius of Syracuse produced the Gastraphetes or “belly bow” catapult

The Invention continued… By 330 BC two distinct types of catapults emerged One fired javelins (spears) called a Euthytonon The other was the stone throwing Palintonon

How was it used in Medieval times? First we need to understand the society of the Middle Ages Fear was rampant (AKA: Dark Ages) There was huge disparity between the rich and poor (Feudalism) Castles were constructed to protect nobles (& peasants but only during crisis)

Castle construction Moat Draw bridge Portcullis Guard tower/ Barbican Murder holes

Portcullis

Catapult AKA Siege Machine or Siege Engine What is a siege? One army surrounds an enemy, keeping help, goods and water from leaving or entering the castle

Medieval warfare Infantry (usually the poor) Archers (trained/ paid military) Battering Ram Psychological warfare Flaming shrubbery and brush Dead, diseased bodies Heads of tortured victims

Battering Ram

Catapult Structure & Design A typical catapult has each of the following: Arm Base Elastic Force Fulcrum

Most catapults were made of wood The elastic force provided by twisted rope, springs, saplings The fulcrum is the point of support for a lever- which in the case of a catapult is the arm

Factors Affecting Distance Mass of object being hurled Strength & flexibility of arm Mass of arm Length of the arm How far the arm is pulled back Angle of base or release (best angle?) Small transfer of energy into distortion

Types of Catapults Roman design and others found during the Medieval period

Ballista Roman Double armed – like a bow Shot large spears or javelins

Mangonel or Onager French “Engine of War” Typical catapult

Trebuchet French meaning “to stumble” Used a sling with the arm Extremely accurate Most advanced of all catapults

Fixed Counterweight Trebuchet

Swinging or Hinged Counterweight Trebuchet