Ning Kong China Internet Network Information Center The 9 th CJK N-ID Meeting in Beijing

Outline Introduction Related Work The Properties of the RA-IOT The Model of the RA-IOT The Universal Resource Addressing System Experiments Conclusion References

Introduction Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders [1]. The internet reports 2005 "The Internet of Things (IOT)" of the International Telecommunication Union takes a look at the next step in "always on" communications, in which new technologies like RFID and smart computing promise a world of networked and interconnected devices.

Introduction The IOT has the similar requirement of the resource addressing as the Internet. The properties of the IOT make the differences between the Resource Addressing in the IOT (RA-IOT) and that in the Internet. There are multiple Product Code Standards (PCSs) in the IOT, and they will cause the conflict of the resource addressing.

Introduction In this paper, we present a new model supporting any PCS for the RA-IOT, and develop a Universal Resource Addressing System (URAS) based on the model. By testing the performance, the URAS can effectively resolve the above problem.

Related Work EPCglobal puts forward the Object Name Service (ONS) [4], which makes use of the Domain Name System (DNS) protocol [5] to realize the RA-IOT. The main design idea is to first encode the Electronic Product Code (EPC) into a Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN), then to use the existing DNS infrastructure to query for additional information. This procedure makes use of the Name Authority Pointer (NAPTR) DNS record [6], which is also used by E.164 NUmber Mapping (ENUM) [7]. The ONS can only support the EPC standard.

Related Work Ubiquitous ID Center (uID Center) brings forward the analogous resource addressing service named uCode Resolution Protocol (uCodeRP) [8], which also utilizes the protocol similar to DNS. The uCodeRP can also support only one uCode standard. Existing technologies of the RA-IOT can only support single PCS. So far, there is no proper model or system for the RA-IOT to support multiple PCSs.

The properties of the RA-IOT The resource name, the resource address and the mechanism of resource addressing are the three key components of the resource addressing. We summarize the properties of the RA-IOT by analyzing the three key components.

The properties of the RA-IOT Definition 1: The Inexplicability property (I-property) refers to the structure of the resource name cannot be accurately acquired by the corresponding Resource Addressing System (RAS). Definition 2: The Apprehensibility property (A- property) refers to the structure of the resource name can be accurately acquired by the corresponding RAS. Definition 3: The Decentralization property (D- property) refers to the structure of the resource name is not unified in terms of the namespace of the RAS.

The properties of the RA-IOT Definition 4: The Unity property (U-property) refers to the structure of the resource name is unified in terms of the namespace of the RAS. Definition 5: The NRAI refers to the information used to transform the I-property into the A-property. Definition 6: The ERAI refers to the information used to transform the D-property into the U-property. The mechanism of the RA-IOT should provide not only the Function of the Resource Addressing (FRA), but also the Function of the Resource Transformation (FRT) of the ORN into the CRN.

The Model of the RA-IOT Based on the properties of the RA- IOT, we put forward the General Layered Model (GLM) of the RA-IOT based on the Layered Iteration Model (LIM) [9] of that in the Internet. The GLM in the IOT contains several Resource Addressing Layers (RALs).

The Model of the RA-IOT We define the resource name and the resource address of the N th RAL in the Internet as R N and D N. (1) (2) We define the FRA of the N th RAL in the Internet as AS N. (3) Then the LIM in the Internet can be represented by the following expression. (4)

The Model of the RA-IOT We define the ORN, the CRN and the resource address of the N th RAL in the IOT as O N, C N and D N. (5) (6) (7) We define the FRT of the ORN into the CRN of the N th RAL in the IOT as TS N. (8) (9) (10)

The Model of the RA-IOT We define the FRA of the Nth RAL in the IOT as AS N. (11) Then the GLM in the IOT can be represented by the following expression. (12)

The Model of the RA-IOT Theorem: The GLM in the IOT is the extended model of the LIM in the Internet, and the LIM in the Internet is the specific model of the GLM in the IOT. We prove the theorem 1 as follows. We firstly assume the OK has the A-property and the U-property, so it can be directly used as the input of the RAS (K). Then the DK-1 is empty. We further assume every ORN in the RAL lower than the RAL (K) is empty. (13) (14)

The Model of the RA-IOT (15) (16) (17) (18) (19)

The Model of the RA-IOT (20) (21) (22) Then we make the process of the deduction from the GLM in the IOT to the LIM in the Internet. By the similar way, we can make the process of the deduction from the LIM in the Internet to the GLM in the IOT. Then theorem is proved. The GLM in the IOT shows the rule of the RA-IOT, and can support us to develop the appropriate RAS in the IOT.

The universal resource addressing system In order to enable the URAS to support any PCS, we must uniquely identify every PCS. We define the Identifier of PCS (IPCS) as follows. Definition 7: The IPCS refers to the unique identifier for each PCS. The Object Identifier (OID) [10] is one kind of the IPCS. ISO/IEC uses it to identify all of the PCSs except EPC standard. If the IPCS can identify each type of every PCS, we name this kind of IPCS as the Fine-grained IPCS (F-IPCS); otherwise we named it as the coarse-grained IPCS (C-IPCS).

The universal resource addressing system The descriptive mechanism for RAI In order to enable the RAI of the URAS can be automatically used by the FRT, we design the Descriptive Mechanism for RAI (DM4RAI) based on the regular expressions. The ERAI can be expressed as follows. (31) (32) We design three Descriptive Mechanisms for the NRAI (DM4NRAI): the Simple DM4NRAI (S-DM4NRAI), the Centralized DM4NRAI (C-DM4NRAI) and the Distributed DM4NRAI (D-DM4NRAI).

The universal resource addressing system The S-DM4NRAI. The S-DM4NRAI is applicable to the F-IPCS. The S- DM4NRAI only needs one expression to describe its corresponding NRAI. It can be expressed as follows. (33)

The universal resource addressing system The C-DM4NRAI. The C-DM4NRAI is applicable to the C-IPCS. The C- DM4NRAI needs several expressions to describe its corresponding NRAI. One of them can be expressed as follows. (34)

The universal resource addressing system The D-DM4NRAI. The D-DM4NRAI is also applicable to the C-IPCS. The D-DM4NRAI firstly needs one expression to fetch the class field from the product code. (35)

The universal resource addressing system We design the architecture of the URAS which enables the three DM4NRAI as follows. Figure. The architecture of the URAS in the IOT

Experiments we evaluate the performance of URAS with the three DM4NRAI. The following experiments were conducted on a Pentium IV 2.4GHZ computer with 512MB main memory running Linux EL and BIND as the server, and a Pentium D 3.4GHZ computer with 1G main memory running Windows Vista as the client. All algorithms were implemented in Java by using Sun’s JDK version 6. The datasets used were generated randomly, containing 5000, 10000, 50000, and mRFID Codes.

Experiments The result of the experiments is given as follows. The unit of time in the data is second. Sum Type 5,00010,00050,000100,000 S-DM4NRAI C-DM4NRAI D-DM4NRAI Table. The data of the performance test Figure. The performance comparisons for the three DM4NRAI

Conclusion The URAS based on the GLM can support any PCS for the RA-IOT. Actually, the GLM can provide better support for some type of resource addressing in the Internet, such as the ENUM. The GLM can promote new type of resource addressing in the IOT or in the Internet.

References [1] J. Landt, “The history of RFID”, Journal, IEEE Potentials, USA, Oct.-Nov. 2005, pp [2] M. Roberti, “RFID: The cost of being smart”, Online, Sep [3] ITU, The Internet of Things, ITU, Geneva, [4] EPCglobal Inc, Object Name Service (ONS) Version 1.0, EPCglobal, US, Oct [5] P. Albitz and C. Liu, DNS and BIND, 4th ed. O’Reilly & Associates, [6] M. Mealling and R. Daniel, The Naming Authority Pointer (NAPTR) DNS Resource Record, RFC 2915, IETF, September [7] P. Faltstrom, “E.164 number and DNS”, IETF RFC2916, September [8] Koji Minegishi, On ucode Resolution Server Connection Tests, TRONWARE, 2003, V.84, PP [9] Li Xiaodong, Research on Computer Network Resources Naming and Addressing Technologies, Ph D dissertation, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, [10] ISO/IEC. ISO/IEC :2005 Information technology -- Open Systems Interconnection -- Procedures for the operation of OSI Registration Authorities: General procedures and top arcs of the ASN.1 Object Identifier tree

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