 Rule 1:  Use a semicolon to join parts of a compound sentence that are similar (places where one could use a comma and coordinating conjunction)  Many people in Africa farm small pieces of land; these farmers raise food for their families.

 Use a semicolon to join parts of a compound sentence when the main clauses are long and are subdivided by commas. Use a semicolon even if these clauses are already joined by a coordinating conjunction.  Herding is an important job for the Dinka, Masai, and Turkana; but plowing, planning, and harvesting are also crucial tasks.

 Use a semicolon to separate main clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb such as consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, or therefore. Be sure to place a comma after the conjunctive adverb.  I didn’t want to go to work; nevertheless, I was there on time.

 Use a colon to introduce a list of items that ends a sentence. Use a phrase such as these, the following, or as follows to signal that a list is coming.  African farmers grow the following: corn, millet, and sorghum.  DO NOT use a colon after a VERB OR PREPOSITION  Some farmers work with hoes, knives, and sticks.

 Use a colon to separate the hour and the minute when you write the time of day.  Many farmers start working at 5:15 in the morning.

 Use a colon after the salutation of a business letter  Dear Sir or Madam:  Dear Mrs. Ngai:

 Complete odd numbers in exercise 7  Complete, in entirety, exercise 8

 Rule 1  Use quotation marks before and after a direct quotation  “ A nomad is a person who wanders,” said Bob.

 Use quotation marks with both parts of a divided quotation  “Most nomads,” said Ali, “travel by animal or on foot.”

 Use a comma or commas to separate a phrase such as he said from the quotation itself. Place the comma inside closing quotation marks.  “Most nomads,” Betsy explained, “raise animals.”

 Place a period or end punctuation inside closing quotation marks.  Bev said, “I want to go also.”  Gregory shouted, “It isn’t fair!”  Alice asked, “What is going on?”

 Use quotation marks for the title of a short story, essay, poem, song, magazine or newspaper article, or book chapter.  “Dusk” short story  “Mending Wall” poem  “Freebird” song

 Use italics (underline if writing by hand) for the title of books, plays, long poems, film, tv series, magazines, newspapers, or works of art  The Fellowship of the Ring  Romeo and Juliet  Newsweek

 If you are using quotation marks, and talk about what someone else said, or a title inside the quotations marks, instead of a double “” you use ‘ ‘ on the inside.  “I was surprised when mom said, ‘You can eat ice cream for breakfast,’” said Dante.  Did she say “No parrots for dinner”?  “I was wondering,” stated David, “if we could sing ‘Jingle Bells’?”

 If you are writing a title name, you must place your comma or punctuation OUTSIDE the quotation marks...  Otherwise, it acts like part of the title!  “I was wondering,” stated David, “if we could sing ‘Jingle Bells’?”  David asked if we could sing “Into the Night”.

 Exercise 9: all  Exercise 10: odd only

 Rule 1: use an apostrophe and an s (‘s) to form the possessive of a singular noun  Girl + ’s = girl’s  Francis + ’s = Francis’s

 Use an apostrophe and an s (‘s) to form the possessive of a plural noun that does not end in S.  Women women’s  Micemice’s

 Use an apostrophe alone to form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in s  Girls = girls’  Johnsons = Johnsons’

 Use an apostrophe and an s (‘s) to form the possessive of an indefinite pronoun  Anyoneanyone’s  Somebodysomebody’s  DO NOT use an apostrophe in a possessive pronoun  That map is theirs. Is this mark mine?

 Use an apostrophe to replace letters that have been omitted in a contraction  It + is = it’s  There + is = there’s  You + are = you’re

 Use an apostrophe to form the plural of letters, figures, and words when they are used as themselves  Three t’s five 6’s no and’s, if’s, or but’s

 Use an apostrophe to show missing numbers in a date  The class of ’87

 Odd only Exercise 11  Odd only Exercise 12

 Rule 1:  Use a hyphen to show the division of a word at the end of a line. ALWAYS divide between syllables.. Most people do not understand that the cater- pillar in the story is the voice of an adult.

 RULE 2  Use a hyphen in compound numbers  Eighty-seven thirty-nine  RULE 3  Use a hyphen in a fraction that is spelled out  Forest rangers receive one-half pay upon retirement.  One-half of the tree diseases are caused by fungi.

 Rule 4  Use a hyphen or hyphens in certain compound nouns  Mother-in-law, attorney-at-law, great- grandfather  Rule 5  Hyphenate a compound modifier only when it precedes the word it modifies  It’s a well-maintained park.  It is well maintained.

 Use a hyphen after the prefixes all-, ex-, and self-. Use a hyphen to separate any prefix from a word that begins with a capital letter.  all-powerful, ex-wife, self-educated  pre-Columbian

 Use a dash or dashes to show a sudden break or change in thought or speech.  Mrs. Poulos –she lives nearby– helps the park attendants.

 Use parentheses to set off words that define or helpfully explain a word in a sentence  In tropical rains forests, dowses of species of plants may grow in one square mile (2.6 kilometers) of land.

 Exercise 13 EVEN  Exercise 14 EVEN

 Rule 1  Abbreviate the titles Mr., Mrs., Ms., and Dr. before a person’s name. Abbreviate any professional or academic degree that follows a name along with the titles of Jr. and Sr.  Mr. Roy Sims Jr.  Rita Mendez, M.D.

 Use capital letters and NO periods with abbreviations that are pronounced letter by letter or as words.  Exceptions: U.S. and Washington, D.C., which do use periods  WHO: World Health Organization  ROTC: Reserve Officers’ Training Corps  JV: junior varsity

 With exact times, use A.M. (ante meridiem, before noon) and P.M. (post meridiem, after noon). For years use B.C. and A.D. or B.C. and B.C.E.  7:15 A.M. 9:30 P.M.  400 B.C.

 Rule 4  Abbreviate days and months only in charts and lists.  Sun. Mon. Tues. Etc  Rule 5  In scientific writing, abbreviate units of measure. Use periods with English units but not with metric units.  Inch in. Pound lb. gallon gal.  Kilometer km liter l millimeter mm

 On envelopes only, abbreviate street names and state names. In general text, spell lout street names and state names.  Street St. Road Rd.  Arizona AZ  On an envelope: Mrs. Emily Anderson ◦ 3117 Cheesehead Ln. Norfolk, VA ◦ BUT: ◦ We still live on Chelsea Avenue in Norfolk, Virginia. 

 Odd numbers for exercises 15 and 16

 Rule 1  Spell out all numbers up to 99 (actually you can get away with only spelling numbers up to 10)  Rule 2  Use numerals for numbers of more than two words.  Ex: two hundred and fifty = 250

 Spell out any number that begins a sentence.  If you have a large number, you may want to reorganize the sentence so you don’t have to spell it out.  Nine thousand two hundred people now live in my dad’s hometown.

 Rule 4  Write very large numbers if in millions, billions, etc  The population of the U.S. was 263 million.  Rule 5  If related numbers appear in the same sentence, use all numerals.  Of the 435 graduates, 30 have received a scholarship to college.

 Rule 6  Spell out ordinal numbers (first, second, third)  Jan is the sixth person to use the new library.  Rule 7  Use words to express the time of day unless you are writing an exact time.  It is 2:45 P.M.  Classes begin at nine o’clock.

 Use numerals to express  dates  house and street numbers  apartment and room numbers  telephone numbers  page numbers  amounts of money that are more than two words  percentages. Write out the word percent.  May 24, Oak Drive  Room percent

 Exercise 17 odd  Exercise 18 all

 Exercises 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 ODD