Introduction to Human Anatomy& Physiology

ANATOMY ANATOMY - the study of the structure (morphology, form) of body parts. istology  Histology - the microscopic study of tissues. Cytology  Cytology - the microscopic study of cells. PHYSIOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY - the study of the function of body parts.

Life Processes Distinguish Living from Non-Living Things. Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption Circulation Assimilation Excretion

Mental Mapping (use characteristics to categorize the following) I am walking to McDonalds I stop at the traffic light I am getting taller I am breathing air I get a hamburger and eat it My body absorbs nutrients from hamburger The nutrients I absorbed from hamburger is turned into things my body needs Eventually I go to the restroom Someday I may reproduce Movement Responsiveness Growth Respiration Digestion Absorption Assimilation Excretion Reproduction

Environmental Needs  Nutrients for energy  Oxygen for cellular respiration  Water for most metabolic reactions, lubrication, etc…  Heat to maintain 37  C body temperature, enzyme action  Pressure for breathing and filtering blood through kidneys

HOMEOSTASIS The tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.  All life processes and metabolic reactions work to maintain homeostasis.  Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by negative feedback (system acts to oppose changes)  Example - maintenance of body temperature at 98.6  F/37  C.

3 Components of homeostatic mechanism:

3 Components of homeostatic mechanism: 1. Thermoreceptors 2. Hypothalamus 3. Skin blood vessels, Sweat glands, Heart, Lungs.

Structural Levels of Organization The atom (i.e. C, H, O) is the least complex level; the smallest particle of an element. Atoms combine with one another to form Atoms combine with one another to form… Molecules (i.e. CO 2, H 2 O); Molecules combine with another to form Molecules combine with another to form…

Macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids); Macromolecules combine to form Macromolecules combine to form… Organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosome); small organs of a cell, each with a particular function; Organelles collectively compose… Organelles collectively compose… Cells (i.e. skin cell, muscle cell, neuron); The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things! Similar cells are arranged into… Similar cells are arranged into…

Tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous); Two or more tissues combine to form Two or more tissues combine to form … Organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain); Two or more organs combine to form Two or more organs combine to form … Organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular), The eleven organ systems collectively form the… The human organism; the most complex level of organization.

Divisions of the Human Body Axial Portion Appendicular Portion Head Arms Neck Legs Trunk Axial Portion is divided into 2 major cavities. (organs within these cavities are referred to as viscera.)

Dorsal CavityVentral Cavity Subdivided into Subdivided int0 2 parts 2 parts 2 Divisions of Axial Portion of the Body Cranial Cavity Vertebral Cavity Thoracic cavity Abdomino- pelvic Cavity Separated by diaphragm

Cranial Cavity Brain Vertebral Cavity Spinal Cord Thoracic Cavity Lungs Mediasitum - separates thorax into right and left sides Heart Esophagus Trachea Thymus gland

Abdominopelvic Cavity Stomach Liver Spleen Gall bladder Small and large intestines Rectum/Anus Urinary bladder Internal reproductive organs Abdominal Region Pelvic Region

Dorsal cavity Ventral cavity Vertebral cavity Pleural cavity Ventral cavity

Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity Membrane - a soft, thin pliable layer of tissue that either:  Covers a vital (visceral organ) = Visceral membrane.  Lines a body cavity = Parietal Membrane. There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication.

Serous Membranes of the Heart The membrane on the surface of the heart is called visceral pericardium. The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is called the parietal pericardium. The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid. Cardi = Heart

Serous Membranes

Serous Membranes of the Lungs The membrane on the surface of the lung is called visceral pleura. The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called parietal pleura. The space between these two membranes is called the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid. Pleur = lung

Serous Membranes

Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Organs: The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called visceral peritoneum. The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called parietal peritoneum. The space between these two membranes is called the peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid

Serous Membranes

Pop Quiz… 1.Label: Heart Lung 11. Diaphragm

12. Draw a picture to show the axial and appendicular portions of the body. Give the correct terms: 13. Membrane that covers the heart 14. The study of the function of the body parts. 15. The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.

Anatomical Terminology Definition - a language used to describe the relative position of body parts; needed for communication. Anatomical positionAnatomical position - standing erect, face forward, palms forward It is helpful in as much as they allow medical staff to speak to each other and view images (X-ray or MRI) without having to continuously clarify meanings.

Terms Referring to Direction/Relative Position 1. Superior = above; Inferior = below; 2. Anterior = front; Posterior = back; 3. Medial = Center; Lateral = side; 4. Cephalad = head; Caudal = tail; 5. Ventral = front; Dorsal = back 6. Proximal = closer to trunk of body or other point of reference; (Elbow proximal to wrist) Distal = farther from trunk of the body or other point of reference (Fingers are distal to the wrist); 7. Superficial = surface; Deep = internal.

Terms Referring to Body Sections (Cuts, Planes) Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions. Midsagittal: equal right and left portions. Frontal/Coronal Cut: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Transverse cut: divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

Midsaggital Transverse Frontal/Coronal

Abdominal Subdivisions

Left hypochondriac region Right hypocondriac region Epigastric region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right iliac region Hypogastric region Left iliac region Right Left Regions in the abdominopelvic area

Right upper quadrant RUQ Left upper quadrant LUQ Right lower Quadrant RLQ Left lower quadrant LLQ

Terms referring to surface anatomy (landmarks) Anterior landmarks Anterior landmarks: a. cranial=skull b. facial=face c. cephalic=head d. cervical=neck e. axillary= armpit f. brachial= upper arm g. antecubital=anterior elbow h. antebrachial= forearm i. carpal=wristj. metacarpal= hand k. digital=finger l. femoral= thigh m. patellar= knee cap n. crural= leg o. frontal= forehead p. orbital=eye q. otic= ear r. buccal=cheek s. nasal= noset. oral= mouth u. mental= chinv. mammary=breast w. umbilical=naval x. coxal= hip y. inguinal= groin aa. Pubic= pelvic bb. tarsal=ankle

Terms Referring to Surface Anatomy (Landmarks) Posterior land marks a. acromial = shoulder b. cubital = elbow c. gluteal = buttocks d. popliteal = back of knee e. pedal = foot f. plantar = sole g. dorsal = back h. lumbar = loin i. calcaneal = heel

29. Otic (Ear) Calcaneal