History of ISLAM INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION Djahiliyya Period Society of Mecca (c. 550 CE) −location on trade route between southern Arabia and Egypt/Syria −site of lucrative religious ritual −the Ka’aba, the Black Stone, and idols of the tribal gods –by tradition, Ka’aba stretches back to Abraham and Ishmael Tribal idols of God Mecca ruled by the Quraish tribe, descendants of Abraham and Ishmael

INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION The Prophet Muhammad (SAW) born 571, sufferings from early childhood 610, first revelation from angel Gabriel during Ramadan −first converts; Khadija, Ali, Zaid and Abu Bakr (first among the “Six Companions”) 622, Migration to Medine (The Hegira). Starting date for Islamic Calendar.

INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION The Prophet Muhammad (SAW) : Medina Years −sets rituals of prayer and involved with practical problems of theocratic rule and judgment Conquest of Mecca , without blood shed. -Ten year’s truth-Hudaibiyah; exchange of annual pilgrimage for safety of caravans 632, Farewell Pilgrimage at Makkah, The Ka’ba −At the final preach announced all muslims to be brothers of each other −Death of the Prophet

INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION The Kor’an Writing of The Kor’an −Prophet Muhammad (SAW) dictates revelations; written on parchment, leather, palm-leaves, bones for deposit −also memorization and oral recitement −633, Caliph Abu Bakr orders Muhammad’s (SAW) chief amanuensis, Zaid ibn Thabit, to “search out the Kor’an and bring it together” −651, under the rule of Caliph Uthman (Osman) the official text of the Kor’an is established

INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION The Period of Four Caliphs Abu Bakr (r ) Umar (Omar ibn al-Khattab) (r ) Uthman (Ummayyad clan) (r ) Ali (r )

INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION Expansion of Islam

INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION The Great Islamic Dynasties Ummayad Caliphate ( CE) Capital to Damascus, Caliph of God, Hereditary Succession Extension of Boundaries, Orderly and Liberal Government Hereditary Lottery: Incompetence, Extravagance and Surrender of Administration Abbassid Caliphate ( CE) Restoration of Hamishite line; capital to Anbar, then Baghdad Administration of Persians, Establishment of Vizierate Inauguration of the Golden Age of Islamic Culture and Science

INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION Expansion of Islam

INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION The Great Islamic Dynasties Seljuks ( CE) 1071, Battle of Manzikert (Malazgirt), Byzantine defeated Crusades (1096, 1147, 1189) 1187, Salahaddin, and battle over Jerusalem 1258, Mongols conquer Baghdad and bring end to the dynasty. Turkish Anatolia fragmented to small principalities (beyliks), one of them led by Uthman (Osman) later to become Ottoman Empire

INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION The Great Islamic Dynasties Ottoman Empire (late 13 CE CE) 1453, Ottomans conquer Constantinopol (Istanbul), and was set to be the capital Development and regularization of Islamic Law, administration, education, arts and etc. 1923, Treaty of Lausanne, brought an end to 600+ year old Ottoman, and granted international acceptance to the boundaries of the new Republic of Turkey