 King Henry VIII wants divorce from his wife Catherine of Aragon  Annulment = church says marriage never happened  Catherine of Aragon is aunt to HRE Charles V -> pope can’t afford to offend him  Pope refused to grant annulment  King’s men -> Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell are ordered to make the divorce happen

 Parliament passes law saying religious courts can’t appeal to Rome -> this abolishes papal authority in England  Cranmer grants annulment and Henry’s secret marriage to Anne Bolyn is made legit  THE ACT OF SUPREMACY 1534 = King is made head of the new Church of England  Thomas More refuse to go along with this is put on trial for treason and executed

 Monarch is head of the new church  Monasteries are abolished  Land and possessions of the monasteries is confiscated by the king  King is enriched by this and shares the wealth to gain more aristocratic support  The church of England is no longer Catholic -> but it still looks and acts Catholic

1. Catherine of Aragon -> divorce 2. Anne Boleyn -> beheaded 3. Jane Seymour -> produces male heir -> she dies in childbirth 4. Anne of Cleves -> painting -> ugly -> divorce 5. Catherine Howard -> beheaded 6. Catherine Parr -> outlives Henry

 Child king -> 9 years old -> sickly  Regent/regency  Protestants control the king -> want the Church of England to look and act more Protestant and less Roman Catholic 1. clerical marriage 2. elimination of images 3. BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER

 Edward dies at 15 and is succeeded by his half sister Mary Tudor  Mary was a hardcore militant Catholic  Restores the Catholic church in England  Orders the burning at the stake of hundreds of protestants -> gets the name “bloody Mary”  All of Mary actions push people away from the Catholic Church and towards Protestantism

 John Calvin  Institutes of the Christian Religion –  Absolute sovereignty of God  Predestination  The elect  Calvinism -> dynamic and activist faith  Calvinism -> militant crusading Protestantism

 Geneva becomes the center of Calvinism  THE CONSISTORY -> ruling body made up the town’s ministers  Strict enforcement of religious and moral purity  No excessive drinking, no gambling, must attend church, no criticism of ministers  Geneva attracts protestant missionaries who spread Calvinism  Calvinism spreads to France, the Netherlands, Scotland, and central and parts of eastern Europe

 The Reformation had an impact on all areas of social life Family Education Popular religious practices

 Celibacy -> marriage -> procreation  Protestantism celebrated the family and loving relationship between man and wife  Protestants maintained the old views of man as the head of the household and women good wives and mothers  Education for both boys and girls -> literacy -> in order to read the bible  Protestant Reformation did not change women’s subordinate/lower position in society

 Protestant reformers adopted the classical emphasis of humanist schools  Expanded the base of who was educated -> in favor of state funded education for most  Education for protestants = literacy = ability to read the bible

 Protestants abolished or limited Indulgences Veneration of saints and relics Pilgrimages Monasteries Clerical celibacy Statues Religious processions, parades, carnivals Saints’ day  In some places attempts to ban Taverns Plays Dancing Christmas celebration