Georgia and the American Experience Chapter 5: From Royalty to Independence, 1752-1783 Part 1 Study Presentation Mr. Smith’s Classes

Georgia and the American Experience Section 1: The Colonial Period Section 2: Georgia Becomes a Royal Colony

Section 1: The Colonial Period Essential Question: What were the similarities and differences between the three colonial regions in terms of political, economic, and socio-religious development?

Section 1: The Colonial Period What words do I need to know? New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies apprentice puritans

Comparing the Colonies New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies Land and Climate cold; rugged terrain with rocky soil milder climate; rich soils mildest climate; rich soils Farming small family farms larger farms; wheat large plantations; tobacco, rice, silk, indigo Other Industry shipbuilding, whaling, fishing, and furniture building manufacturing, mining, textiles, shipbuilding casks and barrels from longleaf pine forests

Colonial Transportation and Communication Boats used for shipping and transportation Stagecoaches were available, but slow mode of transportation Ships traveled to ports along the coast Many old Indian trails were used Newspapers read in cities; news often old when it arrived in rural areas

The Royal Navy made ocean travel safe for English ships.

Education in the Colonies Schooling took place in home or church; boys were taught practical skills Girls learned homemaking skills Apprentices learned specific skills from master craftsmen (artisans) First public schools began in New England; only boys attended Wealthy families in South hired private tutors or had their sons schooled in Europe Primitive “Old Field Schools” opened for boys from “common” families

Religion in Colonial Georgia Anglican Church, or Church of England, made official church of Georgia colony in 1758 Church attendance expected; shorter sermons and music common Moravians and Jews also practiced religion in Georgia Catholics were not welcome in GA

Leisure Activities in Southern Colonies Fox hunting, horse races, week-long parties with friends and relatives popular Food central to large social gatherings Children’s games: jump rope, hoops, tennis, London bridge, hopscotch, leap frog, yo-yos and puzzles Storytelling

Romance and Marriage Girls often married in their early teens Courtships took place at dances, church, or during supervised home visits Weddings were a day-long affair with great celebrations Some wealthy families arranged marriages for business gain Husbands were expected to provide; wives could not own property

Section 2: Georgia Becomes A Royal Colony ESSENTIAL QUESTION What political forces shaped Georgia after it became a royal colony?

Section 2: Georgia Becomes a Royal Colony What words do I need to know? proprietary colony royal colony parish French and Indian War palisades cracker independence

Change in Colonial Government Status Proprietary Colony: governed by a Board of Trustees Georgia ceased to be Proprietary Colony in 1752 Royal Colony: colony directly governed by the King Georgia became a Royal Colony in 1752; some people returned to Georgia who had left the colony while it was proprietary

The First Royal Government Naval Captain John Reynolds, first royal governor, arrived in 1754 Reynolds introduced the idea of self-government Bicameral legislature set up: Commons House of Assembly (Lower House) and Governor’s Council (Upper House) Court of Conscience settled disputes; overseen by justice of the peace Only people owning 50 or more acres of land could vote

North America, 1754 Spain claimed Florida and Mexico France claimed land from Louisiana to the Great Lakes, and parts of Canada; New Orleans (south) and Detroit (north) anchored French settlements Great Britain had established the 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast

Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

French and Indian War Origins France and Great Britain wanted the treasures of the American continent Both countries feared the other would gain the most power France had the stronger army with more experienced leadership; British had better navy Both sides were allied with certain Indian tribes

In the French and Indian War, France had the stronger army and Britain had the stronger navy.

The French and Indian War Both sides claimed the Ohio River Valley area (more than 200,000 square miles) The French built several forts in the area; many Indians sided with the French The Virginia governor sent Captain George Washington with soldiers to Fort Necessity (near today’s Pittsburgh); a battle erupted The war soon spread to Europe; by 1758, the British controlled the Ohio Valley The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the war; France gave up Canada to Great Britain Sometimes considered the first “world war”

Georgia and the War’s Aftermath Treaty of Paris set Georgia’s western boundary at the Mississippi River Proclamation of 1763 (King George III): Georgia’s southern boundary set at St. Mary’s River; Georgia colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains Cherokee and Creek tribes gave up land claims north of Augusta and in the coastal region

Georgia’s First Assembly First met in Savannah in 1755 Passed bills to repair and build roads Organized a militia Codes created to limit rights of slaves Governor Reynolds was replaced in 1757 by Captain Henry Ellis

Governor Henry Ellis Believed Savannah was one the world’s hottest places Colonists immigrated to Georgia from South Carolina and the West Indies Offered large land grants and slavery increased (3,600 slaves by 1759) The economy flourished; more farms and goods to buy In 1761, Ellis became royal governor of Nova Scotia, in Canada

Governor James Wright Wanted to expand Georgia’s western lands to settlers Completed Savannah’s defenses by strengthening forts and building palisades (fences made of sharpened stakes) Sunbury became Georgia’s official port of entry Land purchases increased greatly More schools established, but for upper class children

Georgia Crackers People from Virginia and the Carolinas settled into middle and western parts of the colony Plantation owners viewed them as “undesirable people” Soon, these lower class peoples were called “crackers,” which was meant as an insult Crackers were not welcome and thought of as ones who did not obey the colony’s laws “Poor white trash”

‘Crackers’ was a derogatory term for poor whites.