Panel on Water, Food and Energy Overview of the Water & Energy issues and their linkages with food Richard Taylor, Executive Director, International Hydropower Association Short keynote address highlighting 1. The water and energy interactions and related issues 2. How these issues also interact with the food issues (expectation: demonstrate the importance of the linkages, the complexity and the need of a better understanding)

Panel on Water, Food and Energy

Climate change Source: DWR, California, USA

Energy challenges

Growth in Electricity Generation (TWh) Biomass + Wind + geothermal + solar Hydropower Fossil Fuels

Cumulative Energy Sector Investment Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2006; IEA Reference Scenario.

Water challenges

Projected water/sanitation investment by region ( ) 22.5 $US Trillion Source: Scientific American, 2008.

World Hydropower Potential Source: World Water Development Report (WWDR) Source: US Department of Energy (2006), featured in World Water Development Report (WWDR) Water consumption for various power Generation Technologies

Water and Energy interactions and issues  Linkage with development (often same people lacking energy and water services – benefit sharing)  Water Energy Health Agriculture and Biodiversity nexus  Climate-change impact and mitigation  Role of energy pricing, finance and incentives  Role of renewable energy (integration, decentralization, moving/treating/heating water/desalination)  Impact of thermal power on water quality  Differentiation between use and consumption of water in energy supply  Transport (optimizing navigation, water freight)  Economic drivers for multipurpose water uses  Sustainability criteria and performance indicators

Water and Energy interactions and issues  Water and energy policies often conflict (impact on reaching targets and MDGs)  Water and energy institutions, industries and markets are often disconnected  There is limited accounting for water in the energy sector, despite being a major user  Need to factor climate change impact on the water and energy nexus  Sustainability criteria (environmental, social and economic) required to address water and energy supply/demand  Drivers for water and energy services are predominantly population growth and increasing living standards (before climate change)  Communities without access to modern energy are likely to be those without access to water and sanitation also  Water and energy resources are unevenly distributed, solutions are likely to be differentiated accordingly  Delivery, maintenance and tariff collection methodologies can be common and integrated

Water and Energy interactions and issues (1) water for energy:  Appropriate (new) technologies can improve performance – new developments and synergies can reduce costs and impacts  Water storage schemes also store energy – can influence mixed energy systems and multiple uses of water  Bioenergy (linkage with agriculture energy crops, biogas, traditional biomass, waste, etc.)  Navigation – can significantly reduce energy consumption  Need to differentiate between consumption and use of water for energy (bioenergy versus hydropower)  Water footprint different for each energy technology and service (transport, heating, power production)

Water and Energy interactions and issues (2) Energy for water:  Energy availability and reliability essential for water services  Energy can be 60-80% of water treatment cost – efficiency and recovery key to reducing costs  Irrigation – pumping can be significant energy user (role of new technologies)  Energy recovery from water processing (target of energy neutrality in modern sanitation process)  Role of renewable energy in treating and distributing water  Reducing energy consumption in water recycling and desalination  Pricing water should incorporate the true (energy) cost

Water and Energy interactions and issues How can we harmonize water and energy towards sustainable uses? Appropriate technologies to reduce the water and energy footprint:  How can the water sector minimize its demand on energy?  How can the energy sector minimize its impact on water? Sustainable use of water and energy resources  What criteria should be applied?  What are the key indicators and how can performance be measured? Integrating water and energy strategies and policies to meet human development needs and the MDGs  Where are the conflicts in current policy?  What are the common drivers and solutions for better integration? Topic 2.2: Eyup Hall, Sutluce, Wednesday to Thursday

How do the water/energy issues interact with the food?  Water, food and energy are all central to economies, livelihoods and lives  Integrate the Water Energy Health Agriculture and Biodiversity (WEHAB) nexus  Water, food and energy policies often conflict  Institutions, industries and markets are often disconnected  Climate-change affects the supply and quality of water, food and energy  Role of energy and water pricing/markets on food availability and cost  Role of renewable energy (management and distribution of water)  Multiple uses water – storage for energy, food and water supply  Sustainability criteria and assessment  Capacity to implement good policy and practice (financial, institutional barriers)

Thank you for your attention. Richard Taylor, Executive Director International Hydropower Association