Chapter 02 Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications 1Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 2.1 Phase behavior obtained by varying salinity oil–water–surfactant system. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2

FIGURE 2.2 Phase diagrams of brine oil–water–surfactant blend system. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.3

FIGURE 2.3 Effect of cosurfactants on the interfacial tension (a) between aqueous and oil phases of the microemulsion system and (b) between the hydrocarbon (petroleum) and three microemulsions formulated without alcohol, with 3 wt% alcohol, and 5 wt% alcohol. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.4

FIGURE 2.4 Interfacial tension of system used in microemulsion formulations for cleaning oily surfaces contaminated with oil-based drilling fluids. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5

FIGURE 2.5 Schematic of contact angles of solid/water/oil interfaces. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.6

FIGURE 2.6 Contact angle between water drop and glass slide (a) clean glass slide, (b) exposed to the oil-based fluid and (c) exposed to sequence of oil-based fluid and microemulsion fluid. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.7

FIGURE 2.7 Progression from a clean surface to a surface with adhered contaminant to the same surface upon contact with a microemulsion. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.8

FIGURE 2.8 Effect of changes in composition or temperature on microemulsion phase behavior. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.9

FIGURE 2.9 Schematic of oil-based drill cuttings. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.10

FIGURE 2.10 Drill cuttings (a) before treatment and (b) after washing with microemulsion fluid. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.11

FIGURE 2.11 The stainless steel sleeve after (a) exposure to synthetic-based mud (SBM) and (b) treatment with the microemulsion spacer. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.12

FIGURE 2.12 Photographs of a drill pipe (a) before and (b) after displacement with the microemulsion spacers. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.13

FIGURE 2.13 Cleaning test at various ratios of spacer/OBM in glass vials: (a) initial state, (b) after 16 h aging, and (c) after slight rinse. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.14

FIGURE 2.14 Cleaning performance of two fluids selected from the surfactant–oil–brine system presented in Fig (a). Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.15

FIGURE 2.15 Regain permeability test (a) schematic of permeability tests setup, and (b) regain permeability results. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16

FIGURE 2.16 Fluids separation in emulsion tests using crude oil and a Winsor IV system fluid. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.17

FIGURE 2.17 Wastewater cleaning with surfactant or microemulsion froth flotation. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.18

FIGURE 2.18 Subterranean use of microemulsion to clean contaminated soil. Lirio Quintero, Norman F. Carnahan Chapter 2 - Microemulsions for Cleaning Applications Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning - Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification. Pages 65 – Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.19