The Seven Technological Ages of Man OVERVIEW The Seven Technological Ages of Man

Technological Ages of Man Man, The Hunter, Masters Fire The Farmer, The Smith, The Wheel The First Machine Age Intimations of Automation The Expansion of Steam The Freedom of Internal Combustion Electron Controlled

Man, The Hunter, Masters Fire THE FIRST AGE Man, The Hunter, Masters Fire

Man, Hunter, Masters Fire Material Ages Early Tools Fire Stone Age Tools

Material Ages

Early Tools Pre - Homo erectus / Sapiens Ramepithecus 14,000,000 ybp - No Tools Related to great apes Australopithecenes 2,500,000 ybp - Walked upright Taung Man, Oldurai Gorge, Tanzania Dr. Louis Leakey (1925)

Basalt Side-Chopper

Fire Making Fire Using Fire Homo-erectus (600,000 BC) Charcoal layers in caves, China Man’s greatest accomplishment ? Tasmanian & Andamanese tribes Using Fire Meteors, volcanoes, spontaneous combustion, etc. Early tribal societies tended a fire

Fire (continued) Uses of Fire Warmth, cooking, protection, curing Focus of tribal life Hollowing out logs Firing pots, bricks, tiles Extraction of copper & iron Working of tools, weapons, ornaments Bases of metallurgical eras Making of glass

Fire (continued) Making Fire Impacting flint and iron or iron pyrites Occurred by chance ? Needs addition of fuel Generation of heat from friction Hard stick (fire drill) Softwood block (hearth) Intellectual - addition of weight, string, bow

Fire Drills First elementary machines ? Multi-components Translation to rotation Mechanical advantage with flywheel Bow later turned lathes in Iron age Bow later used as a weapon in late Stone age (Tunisia) First engineers ?

Fire Drills (continued)

Stone Age Tools Properties First Industry ? Density, hardness, durability Self-sharpening in some instances Difficult to manufacture First Industry ? Tools-to-make-tools (5,000,000 ybp) Hammer stones & anvil stones (Tanzania)

Stone Age Tools (continued) Chronology Pebble tools (2,600,000 ybp) Bi-faced hand axes (500,000 ybp) Pebbles and quarried natural rock Blade tools (< 35,000 BC) Flakes of flint, chert, or obsidian Variants are gravers, shaves, planes, drills Grinding & polishing (< 12,000 BC) Region dependent (basalt & epidiorite) Peaked before Bronze age

Stone Age Tools (continued) Production Processes Basic core and flake tools Pressure flaking Percussion flaking Highly skilled trade (industry ?) Grinding and polishing Wetted sandstone or similar Sand was used as abrasive powder Final burnishing with a skin/hide

The Farmer, The Smith, The Wheel THE SECOND AGE The Farmer, The Smith, The Wheel

Farmer, Smith, Wheel Social influences of copper and iron The Common ground The wheel Glass Gearing Early machines in Egypt Greece & Rome The Dark ages

Introduction Nomadic hunter to agricultural villager End of last ice age brought life (10,000 BC) Wild wheat and goat grass Wheat, barley, & millet was harvested Villages grew to cities reed & mud, unbaked clay, baked brick Animals were domesticated Copper, tin, & bronze (Mesopotamia)

Social Influences of Copper & Iron Cause Copper and Bronze were expensive Skill Craftsman Metals were used for ornaments Society was a hierarchy Ironmaking & forging was complex Iron was inexpensive Effect Metal tools expensive Farmers used wood, stone, & bone tools Elitist Society Small agricultural surpluses Democratic metal IRON AGE

The Common Ground Metallurgy became the common ground Society needed food Farming community needed tools Metal workers became skilled craftsmen Mining of Ores (Copper, Tin, Iron) Construction of Furnaces & Crucibles Bellows (3,000 BC) from skins/hides Transportation (wheel !) industry grew

Plough Not possible in Copper age Improvement of hoe for tilling Caschrom - lightweight man-plough Animal-drawn plough (3,000 BC)

Egyptian Hand Digging Instrument (1500 BC)

Tools From Early Metallurgy Plough Copper Nails & Rivets (Egypt, 2500 BC) Iron nails used in ships Woodscrews (Roman, 400 AD) Shears (Egypt, 4500 BC)

The Wheel Used for transporting heavy loads Evolved from potters wheel First was stone ? Solid wood Spoked Axle - Egyptian war chariot

Transporting Heavy Loads

Stretcher

Sledge

Ur (3,500 BC)

Mercurago

Mercurago

Egyptian (1500 BC)

Assyrian (700 BC)

Greek (400 BC)

Etruscan (400 BC)

Roman (300 BC)

Etruscan (300 BC)

Plaustrum (200 BC)

Roman (100 AD)

Leonardo

Pneumatic Studded (1907)

Gearing Purposes Friction - no teeth (Aristotle, 384 BC) Materials Wood - large units transmitting power bronze or brass - timekeeping, astronomy Lanthorne & trundle Helical gears (Robert Hooke, 1666 AD)

Early Machines in Egypt Hero of Alexandria (BC/AD) Lever (3000 BC) Wheel & Axle (3000 BC) Wedge (3000 BC) Pulley (700 BC) - Not used in pyramids Screw

Chinese Cast iron (350 BC) Double-acting box bellows Steel (100 BC) 13 centuries before the west Double-acting box bellows Steel (100 BC) Papermaking (100 AD) Gunpowder Little technology transfer to west despite “Silk Road”

Greece Heavily dependent on slaves Great builders Architecture Scientists instead of technologists Mathematics, Astronomy, Philosophy Not great inventors Archimedes Horizontal waterwheel (Norse mill) 0.5 horsepower

Architecture - Parthenon

Horizontal Waterwheel

Roman Heavily dependent on slaves Vertical waterwheel (Vitruvius, 180 AD) 3.0 horsepower Bridges & roads Aqueducts Water usage 270 liters per person per day Lead pipes Fall of Roman empire

Vertical Waterwheel

Roads & Bridges

Aqueducts

Dark Ages Fall of Roman empire (450 AD) Contact between Rome and Britain ended Roman roads, bridges & aqueducts died Societies depended less on slaves England (250 people per watermill) Early applications Corn milling, beer making, forge hammers and bellows Later applications water lifting & irrigation, saw mills, lathe drives, wire drawing

Dark Ages (continued) Wind Power (1100 AD) Agriculture Post Mill (Normandy, 1180 AD) Tower Mill (1300 AD) Netherlands (1500 AD) Agriculture Horse collar Nailed iron horseshoes heavy wheeled plough and harrow

Dark Ages (continued) Textiles Universities founded (Italy, 1200 AD) Rope driven spinning wheel Weaving technologies (1300 AD) Universities founded (Italy, 1200 AD) Start of a period of higher learning Beginning of engineering discipline ?

THE THIRD AGE The First Machine Age

The First Machine Age Timekeeping Optics Crank Print

Timekeeping

Chronology Gnomon (Egypt, 1500 BC) Obelisk Sundial Waterclock Sandglass Mechanical / Pendulum Electronic

Gnomon

Sundial / Obelisk Problems with Gnomon Thin short rod Did not work at different latitudes length and direction of shadow varied Exact position of sun’s center Placed perpendicular to ground needs to be perpendicular with axis of rotation

Waterclocks & Sandglasses Reset periodically Environment dependence Variations with age Inaccurate

Vitruvius (150 BC)

Schott

Cingalese

Sand-glass

Mechanical Clock Regulating device Distribution mechanism Creates oscillations Needs energy to stop from running down weight or spring (watch) Distribution mechanism Supplies energy in correct amount and at correct time Holds energy and allows energy to escape at the correct time - escapement Indexing & Gearing Translates time to space

Hero of Alexandria

Verge & Foliot

Anchor Escapement

Standard Weight Clock

Alarm Clock

Pendulum Clock Isochronous motion Galileo (1583) Vincenzo (1649) Huygens (1675) & Robert Hooke Regulating hair spring

Pendulum Clock

Huygens (1675) Regulating spiral

Giovani di Dondi (1364)

Electronic / Atomic pico-second Electronic Atomic quartz crystal produces a constant current when excited compressed to produce constant frequency Atomic Excitations of electrons in Caesium molecule

Caesium Atomic clock

Optics Telescope Microscope Surveyors quadrant (1631) Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608) By accident - no knowledge of optics Manufactured & sold in London (1609) Microscope Inventor unknown Zacharius Jansen, Galileo (1614) Surveyors quadrant (1631) Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)

Crank Conversion of rotary & reciprocating motions Cam - Hero of Alexandria Crank & connecting rod (1430)

Crank & Connecting Rod

Print Greatest invention of Middle ages Johannes Gutenberg (Germany, 1440) Invention of paper reached Germany in about 1320 Cutting of punches from brass, punch copper plate, pour molten iron Development of inks First book (Caxton, 1474) By 1500, 1050 presses in Europe

Screw Press

Intimations of Automation THE FOURTH AGE Intimations of Automation

Intimations of Automation Coinage - first mass production ? Factory system Interchangeability of components A computer too early

Coinage As early as 600 BC Coin Blanks (1000) Sheet of metal, hammered, then cut Bramante (Florence, 1500) Utilized screw press Rolling mills Boulton (Soho, 1797) Utilized power from steam engine

Factory System Began with print shops and mints Textile industry (late 1700’s) Flying shuttle (Kay, 1755) Water frame (Arkwright, 1790) Spinning Jenny (Hargreave, 1760) Mule (Crompton, 1788) Power Loom (Robert, 1825) Primarily operated by steam

Factory System (continued) Industrial cities Coal and oil in addition to steam No need to locate industry by a river Britain Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Leeds, Nottingham, Birmingham Metal-working industries Machines create more machines lathes, boring, milling, shaping, slotting, planing, grinding, & gear-cutting

James Watt’s Micrometer (1772)

Henry Maudslay’s Screw Cutting Lathe (1797)

Interchangeability of Components Beginning of mass production Locks Joseph Bramah (1790) Required accuracy in production Barrel of lock fits casing of another Smooth bore flintlock muskets Eli Whitney (1798) Supplied US govt. with 15,000 Required 8 years

A Computer Too Early Charles Babbage Difference Engine (1833) Professor of Mathematics, Cambridge Difference Engine (1833) Special purpose calculating machine Analytical Engine (>1834) Universal calculator Engine ? Power by steam (no foresight) Purely mechanical with highly precise gearing and machining

Difference Engine (1833)

THE FIFTH AGE The Expansion of Steam

Pre-Steam Francesca della Porta (1606) Otto von Guericke (1654) Suction caused by condensing steam Ability to draw up water Otto von Guericke (1654) Two teams of 8 horses can’t pull apart copper sphere made of two halves Blaise Pascal (1648) Weight of column of air is less at elevation Robert Boyle (1660) Gas laws

Steam Engine Hero of Alexandria Newcomen (1712) Watt 21 inch dia. piston (12 strokes per min) 10 gallons of water 51 yards per stroke Low efficiency Watt Condense steam & create vacuum Separate condenser (1769) Double-acting engine (1782) Rotative Engine (1781)

Newcomen (1712)

Development of Steam Trevithick (1799) Fulton (1807) High pressure steam Fulton (1807) Clermont on Hudson river Sirius crossed Atlantic (1830) Intercontinental Railway

The Freedom of Internal Combustion THE SIXTH AGE The Freedom of Internal Combustion

Chronology Huygens utilized gunpowder in piston and cylinder Etienne Lenoir (1859) Coal gas as fuel with ignition Nikolaus Otto (1877) Four-stroke cycle Gottlieb Daimler (1885) Petrol as fuel

Benz Tricycle (1855)

Chronology (continued) Paris-Rouen race (1894) Rudolf Diesel (1892) Wright Brothers (1903) Ford Model “A” (1903)

THE SEVENTH AGE Electrons Controlled

Chronology Gas Lines (Late 1700s) Hydraulic Mains Philippe Lebon (1799) Gas From Heating Wood Frederick Windsor (1807) Gas From Coal Lit Pall Mall in London (1807) 26 mile long main (1816) Hydraulic Mains Joseph Bramah Hydraulic Press (1795) Hydraulic Mains (1812)

Chronology (continued) Electricity William Gilbert (1600) Alessandro Volta (1800s) Zinc and Silver discs- Voltaic Pile First True Battery - Static Source of Power Michael Faraday (1831) First Electric Generator Moved Magnet near a Wire Wheatstone & Cooke (1845) Substituted Electromagnets First Dynamo

Chronology (continued) Telephone - Bell (1876) Incandescent Light Bulb (1879) Thomas Edison - USA J.W. Swan - England Electronics J.A. Fleming - Diode (1904) ASCC/IBM - First computer ? (1944) Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator Mechanical Switching ENIAC - First Electronic Computer (1946) Electronic Num. Integrator and Calculator