Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Probe Plus Science Workshop March 26, 2013 Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Nicky Fox SPP Project Scientist Solar Probe Plus - Solar Orbiter Collaboration Discussion 1

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Science Questions Addressed by Solar Probe Plus Overarching Science Objective  To determine the structure and dynamics of the Sun’s coronal magnetic field, understand how the solar corona and wind are heated and accelerated, and determine what mechanisms accelerate and transport energetic particles. Detailed Science Objectives  Trace the flow of energy that heats and accelerates the solar corona and solar wind.  Determine the structure and dynamics of the plasma and magnetic fields at the sources of the solar wind.  Explore mechanisms that accelerate and transport energetic particles. 2

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Level 1 Objectives & Processes require high quality, integrated measurements 3 L1 Science Objectives Sample Processes Needed Measurements Instruments 1. Trace the flow of energy that heats and accelerates the solar corona and solar wind. 2. Determine the structure and dynamics of the plasma and magnetic fields at the sources of the solar wind. 3. Explore mechanisms that accelerate and transport energetic particles. - heating mechanisms of the corona and the solar wind; - environmental control of plasma and fields; - connection of the solar corona to the inner heliosphere. - particle energization and transport across the corona - electric & magnetic fields and waves, Poynting flux, absolute plasma density & electron temperature, spacecraft floating potential & density fluctuations, & radio emissions - energetic electrons, protons and heavy ions - velocity, density, and temperature of solar wind e-, H+, He++ - solar wind structures and shocks FIELDS -Magnetic Field -Electric Field -Electric/Mag Wave ISIS -Energetic electrons -Energetic protons and heavy ions -(10s of keV to ~100 MeV) SWEAP -Plasma e-, H+, He++ -SW velocity & temperature WISPR - White light measurements of solar wind structures

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Reference Mission: Launch and Mission Design Overview 4 Launch  Dates: Jul 31 – Aug 19, 2018 (20 days)  Max. Launch C3: 154 km 2 /s 2  Requires Atlas V 551 class with Upper Stage Trajectory Design  7 Venus gravity assist flybys Final Solar Orbits  Perihelion: 9.86 R S  Aphelion: 0.73 AU  Inclination: 3.4 deg from ecliptic  Orbit period: 88 days Mission duration: 7 years Sun Venus Mercury Earth Launch 7/31/2018 1st Min Perihelion at 9.86 R S 12/19/2024 1st Perihelion at 35.7 R S 11/1/2018

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Reference Vehicle: Anti-Ram Facing View 5

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Reference Vehicle: Ram Facing View 6

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Reference Vehicle: Concept of Operations 7

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 SPP Rapidly Explores the Inner Heliosphere 8 + 1st perihelion (0.16 AU) 3 months after launch + 24 passes below 43 Rs + 19 passes below 20 Rs

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Mission Trajectory Venus Flyby #7 Nov 2, 2024 Mercury Venus Earth Sun First Perihelion at 35.7 RS Nov 1, 2018 First Min Perihelion at 9.86 RS Dec 19, 2024 Venus Flyby #1 Sept 28, 2018 Venus Flyby #2 Dec 22, 2019 Venus Flyby #3 Jul 6, 2020 Venus Flyby #4 Feb 16, 2021 Venus Flyby #5 Oct 11, 2021 Venus Flyby #6 Aug 16, 2023 Launch July 31,

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Solar Probe: Science Payload  FIELDS:  PI: Stuart Bale, UC Berkeley SSL  E-Field Antennas  Magnetometers (MAGi, MAGo & SCM)  SWEAP (Solar Winds Electrons Alphas and Protons):  PI: Justin Kasper, Smithsonian CFA  SPC (Solar Probe Cup)  SPAN (A & B)  ISIS (Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun)  PI: Dave McComas, SWRI  EPI-Hi  EPI-Lo  WISPR (Wide-field Imager for Solar Probe)  PI, Russell Howard, NRL 10 WISPR EPI-Lo EPI-Hi SPAN-A MAG FGM MAG SCM E-Field Antennas SPC E-Field Antennas SPAN-B

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group Payload Nominal Operations – A day in a life of an instrument  During the solar encounter period (inside 0.25 AU) all instruments will be powered on, continuously collecting science data  Responding to s/c time & status message, containing MET at the next virtual PPS, instrument & s/c data shared with all of the instruments, instrument SSR allocation used status  Flags include solar distance, thruster fire, instrument power down warning, processor transition, start up modes (safe or full science), data rate indicator, etc.  Executing the uploaded command sequences autonomously (no time-tagged commands are coming in from the spacecraft)  Recording data in their own memory or sending it over to s/c SSR via UART or SpW  Once instrument has exceeded their orbit allocation, the data is no longer recorded on the s/c SSR  Outside of the solar encounter period (outside 0.25 AU), the instruments could be powered on when the spacecraft is not in power or operationally constrained mode  E.g. TCMs, Ka-downlink, spacecraft health checkouts, copying data from instrument DPUs to the spacecraft SSR (bulk memory), or other CPU utilization constraints, operation at solar distance >0.82AU following the first perihelion during thermal slews (thermal constraint). 11

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group SPP-SO Orbit Trajectory Movie 12

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Questions for Solar Orbiter  At what phases of the mission will you have various data products and at what time resolution?  Is synoptic data good enough for close collaboration with SPP or do we need burst data?  How do we coordinate burst data?  Is there capability to reassign telemetry?  E.g. can the in-situ instruments take more data during the early phase of the mission when the remote-sensing instruments are powered off?  What is the lead time for commanding?  What is the cadence of the SolOHI images. Will there be regular synoptic images of the location of SPP? Especially when SPP is behind the Sun. 13

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Orbit Planning Process Overview 14

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, A.U. Cruise/Downlink Period 24 Solar Encounter Orbits Orbital Periods Vary (168 days to 88 days) Encounter Operations  Primary science data collection phase – All instruments will be powered on  Fanbeam antenna periodically available for communications & Nav  No SSR Playbacks Orbital Operations Concept (10-11 Days) Cruise Operations  Instruments Can Be Powered On (Sun Distance < 0.82 AU)  Instruments off during some activities  Fanbeam for communications – H/K data only  Commanding as needed to support spacecraft maintenance Science Downlink Operations  All instruments powered off  HGA for communications – SSR playbacks  Commanding as needed to support spacecraft maintenance Solar Encounter Period Cruise/Downlink Period Solar Encounter Period

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, Orbit Planning Activities  Detailed operations planning performed for each orbit  24 total orbits (Orbital period varies between days)  Key operations planning required for each orbit include:  Venus Flyby Events  TCMs  Spacecraft Slews  HGA downlink opportunities  High priority downlink periods each orbit  Dictates SSR management scheme  Slews will be required for some downlinks  Spacecraft housekeeping & maintenance activities  Flight software loadsCommand Sequence Uplinks  Autonomy loadsParameter maintenance  Special sub-system and/or payload tests  Eclipse & solar conjunction periods  Doppler range & Delta-DOR tracking requirements  Instrument Operations (During Cruise)  Power On/Off, Data Transfers  Solar encounter operations (SOCs)  Orbital operations template created to capture and schedule these activities  Orbit activity planning process under development to coordinate s/c activities with instrument teams

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Orbit Activity Planning Process Orbit Planning Team (OPT) S/C ENGR NAV Mission Design DSNMission Ops FIELDSISIS Project Scientist SWEAPWISPR Orbital Operations Template (OOT) Venus Fly-Bys, Solar Encounter Periods, TCMs, HGA Downlink Periods, S/C Mode Changes, Eclipse Periods, DSN Contacts, Solar Conjunctions, Instrument Power On Periods, Routine and Special S/C Activities Science Working Group (SWG) Payload Orbital Operations Template (POOT) Power On/Off Times for each instrument Instrument Real-Time Activities OPT OOT Review SWG OOT Distributed Incorporate Changes from Review Integrated OOT & POOT Create/Update OOT Deliver OOT to SWG Create/Update POOT Deliver POOT to OPT Merge OOT & POOT No Changes Needed 17

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Challenges for Science Planning on Solar Probe Plus  Managing the data on the instrument SSR and instrument part of the spacecraft SSR  Limited uplink and downlink opportunities on some orbits  Limited time to react to survey data and create commands to transfer data from the instrument SSR to the spacecraft SSR  Solution:  Create interactive display and analysis tool to integrate orbit operations template information with instrument specific information as an aid to planning  Use a file priority scheme optimized for orbit type, to downlink high priority survey data quickly  This would maximize the reaction time that the instrument teams have to analyze data and create commands to transfer over the data from the instrument SSR to the spacecraft SSR 18

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Science Planning Steps 19 Science Planning – Initial Pass Science Planning – Second Pass Orbit Operations Template (MOC) -S/C Activities -Uplinks/Downlinks -Power On/Off Periods Science Activities (Inst. Teams) Data Allocations (SWG) Timed Science Activities -Fit in on/off periods -Manage instrument and S/C SSR data Convert Activities into Command Files MOC S/C TLM CmdFl SOC Archive For Processing All Telemetry Survey Telemetry Constraint Checked Command Files

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Orbit Types Orbit TypeDescriptionOrbits GoodGreater than 20 days between survey and selected data downlink 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 Limited DownlinkBetween 10 and 20 days between survey and selected data downlink 2, 3, 6 Fast DownlinkLess than 10 days between survey and selected data downlink 5, 24 Downlink Over 2 OrbitsNot all data downlinked during orbit 7, 10, 11, 14, 18, 22 Downlink Over 2 Orbits With little or no Ka-band Not all data downlinked during orbit with little or no Ka-band downlink 1, 4, 16, 20 20

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Draft Data Products 21

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Data Products (1/3) LevelFIELDSSWEAPISISWISPR L0Raw telemetry produced by SPP MOC Possibly 24-hour, APID- separated cleaned, sorted. PTP and SSR binary files Raw Telemetry (Raw de- commutated telemetry received from MOC) Raw telemetry packets, including HK, CMD- response rates, and event packets Raw telemetry (CCSDS data packets) L1Uncompressed and decommutated L0 + time tagged waveform and spectral data in telemetry and engineering units [V, dBs, nT] in spacecraft coordinate systems. Data affinity groups. CDFs (one per subsystem per day). Quick look and daily/orbital summary plots Instrument Count Rates (SPANs) Instrument Currents (SPC) Time series of uncalibrated instrument science and engineering rates at highest resolution. Unpacked particle event data. FITS files with uncompressed images. Image values are in raw counts (DN). 22

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Data Products (2/3) LevelFIELDSSWEAPISISWISPR L2L1 + Time-tagged waveform and spectral data in fully calibrated physical units [V, mV/m, nT, (V/m) 2 /Hz, nT 2 /Hz] in spacecraft and heliophysical coordinate systems. CDFs. Quick Look and daily/ orbital summary plots. Calibrated Particle flux (in physical coordinates & units) Solar Wind moments and energy spectra (Calculated onboard, calibrated, in physical coordinates & units) Time series of calibrated particle intensities at highest time, energy, and look- direction resolution, in physical units. FITS files with calibrations applied. Image values are in units of brightness. L3 L2 + VxB removal for DC E- field measurement, offsets and corrections with data quality flags. Plasma density. Spacecraft potential. Merged B. Merged density and temperature (FIELDS- SWEAP) CDFs, Science data plots Solar wind bulk parameters, energy spectra, and electron pitch angle distribution (Calibrated and calculated on the ground) Time series of calibrated particle intensities, averaged into (TBD) appropriate sets of larger time, energy and look- direction bins. Time-series plots of the above items. Data products are the result of combining two or more images (movies, Carrington maps, etc). May or may not be calibrated in physical units. 23

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Data Products (3/3) LevelFIELDSSWEAPISISWISPR L4 Event (shocks, current sheets, radio bursts, stream interaction regions) time tags and parameters. Ad hoc. Derived power spectra, source location, and event lists Particle spectra and fluences for specific events and/or periods. Particle anisotropy parameters/plots. Others TBR. Derived quantities (electron densities, CME masses etc). 24

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Back-up Slides 25

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 SPP Investigations to Answer the Science Questions 26 InvestigationInstrumentsMeasurements Fields Experiment (FIELDS) – S. Bale, Univ. of California, Berkeley 4 x Electric Antennas 2 x Fluxgate Magnetometer (MAG) 1 x Search Coil Magnetometer (SCM) electric & magnetic fields and waves, Poynting flux, absolute plasma density & electron temperature, spacecraft floating potential & density fluctuations, & radio emissions Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (ISIS) – D. McComas, Southwest Research Institute High energy Energetic Particle Instrument (EPI-Hi) Low energy Energetic Particle Instrument (EPI-Lo) energetic electrons, protons and heavy ions (10s of keV to ~100 MeV) Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons (SWEAP) - J. Kasper, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Solar Probe Cup (SPC) 2 Solar Probe ANalyzers (SPAN) velocity, density, and temperature of solar wind electrons, protons and helium ions Wide-field Imager for Solar PRobe (WISPR) – R. Howard, Naval Research Laboratiry White light imagerimages the solar wind, shocks and other structures in the solar corona and inner heliosphere Heliospheric Origins with Solar Probe Plus (HeliOSPP) – M. Velli, Jet Propulsion Laborar Observatory Scientistaddresses SPP science objectives via multi- instrument data analysis and provides independent advice to optimize the scientific productivity of the mission

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 FIELDS Notional Operations (1) 1As SPP descends toward perihelion (e.g. ~8 days prior), FIELDS is set into Calibration mode (~2 kbps). After Calibration, antenna bias sweeps measure properties of the sensors (pre-encounter). Ground operators verify that the Absolute Time Sequence is loaded and operating 2At ~ 6 days to perihelion, FIELDS enters high rate science mode, sending 10 Gb of prioritized survey data to s/c SSR in real-time, while it stores about 30 Gb of High Rate Science data to an on-board 32GB FIELDS High- Rate Recorder 3After encounter, FIELDS is commanded into Calibration mode followed by post-encounter Antenna bias sweeps (~few hours (TBR)). FIELDS returns to low rate Survey mode and is turned off 4While off, FIELDS sensors use survival heaters to keep within their survival T limits. As downlink opportunities approach, s/c transmits prioritized Survey data from s/c SSR to the ground 27

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 FIELDS Notional Operations (2) 5FIELDS SOC processes and performs preliminary analyses on Prioritized Survey data, including Quick Look plots, and distributing to the team 6At aphelion, FIELDS team convenes to examine the playback data and determine periods of special interest from preceding perihelion. Command sequences are generated to select special data for playback as SPP approaches the next perihelion. Team may prepare modes of operation for the next encounter and identify configuration or software changes needed 7Following event selection, commands are sent to playback sections of the FIELDS High-Rate Recorder to the s/c SSR, and s/c forwards the data to the ground, in step 8. Commands sequences for next perihelion pass are sent to MOC for uplink 8FIELDS high rate data is available for transmission from the Spacecraft SSR to the ground. FIELDS operates in low-rate survey mode, as permitted by operational constraints 28

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 SWEAP Notional Operations (1) 29

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 SWEAP Notional Operations (2)  Three main operational states affect instrument power consumption and dissipation:  Safe state  Low power state  Science state  All other states vary in data accumulation rates, but consume/ dissipate same amount of power 30

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 SWEAP Notional Ops (3)  High rate data transfer approach:  After the encounter, the 10 Gb survey data is downlinked to ground and SWEAP team transfers it from the MOC within 1 day of downlink  After the data of interest is selected (~27 days), the SWEAP team commands its instrument at the next uplink opportunity to select and start high rate transfer to the s/c SSR  Effective time to transfer data is ~12 h, SWEM powered on, SPC & SPAN A/B are off with survival heaters on  Full resolution data is downlinked depending on the s/c telemetry rate 31

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 WISPR Notional Operations (1)  Standard image capture approach is to take <20 s exposures and sum them to achieve required integration times, using on-board processing for image summing and “cosmic ray” scrubbing  Usually, the instrument is in synoptic observing mode, with similar observations conducted each orbit using preplanned schedules uploaded for each encounter  Special observations tailored for specific science objectives are conducted on selected orbits (e.g. close to min perihelion, or favorable geometries of other missions) 32

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, Example of WISPR encounter science campaign WISPR 64 Gb flash memory buffers the data during encounter to fit within the data rates allocated by the spacecraft Once the data is transferred to SSR, it is downlinked

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 WISPR Notional Operations (2) Calibrations  Limited set of observations are planned to perform instrument checkout and calibration following instrument turn-on on approach to each solar encounter  Cadence of images: a few images per day for up to ten days while the s/c distance from the Sun is <0.5 AU on the inbound segment of each orbit  Images may involve small off-points of the s/c from the Sun (up to a few arc minutes) to verify the stray light performance of the instrument  Depending on the downlink availability, the acquired data should be downlinked prior to the solar encounter period for planning purposes  WISPR uses selected background stars in the images for absolute calibration by comparison to star catalog positions and magnitudes  Based on the wide FOV of WISPR, no s/c maneuver is required to capture a standard set of calibration stars  Calibrations are used to verify the photometric calibration performed on the ground before launch, and to measure the WISPR telescope throughput loss during the mission 34

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 ISIS Notional Operations  Below <0.25 AU EPI-Hi & EPI-Lo operate in their normal science mode  Both EPI-Hi & EPI-Lo are powered on and are acquiring data at high data collection rate, with occasional burst mode  EPI-Hi transfers the data to the SSR immediately, and EPI-Lo buffers the data and then transfers it over to SSR  Outside of 0.25 AU, EPI-Hi & EPI-Lo operate in their calibration mode, when the s/c is not in a power or operationally constrained mode  The goal is to acquire data during a large SEP event that would help set the energy thresholds for sorting data of various compositions  Data collection rate is reduced  Need to command ISIS late post encounter  Additional modes of operation are in process of being defined: software upload mode, and safe mode 35

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Good Orbit 36

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Limited Time Between P6 and P8 > 20 days 37

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun All Data Comes Down Fast with Little Time to Command 38

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Data Takes 2 Orbits to Come Down 39

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Data Takes 2 Orbits To Come Down with Little Ka Band DL 40

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, 2013 Data Downlink Priority Scheme Pr.% 85 Gbits TypeFIELDS (20 Gbits/orbit) ISIS (12 Gbits/orbit) SWEAP (20 Gbits/orbit) WISPR (23 Gbits/orbit) 0High Priority Usage / Commissioning / I&T 11 %S/C HK & Inst. High Priority HK 1 % 20.7 %Quicklook & Survey1 % 3Acclaimed ScienceAll teams agree %Survey & Inst. HK50 % 6 % 5Place Holder %Science & Inst. HK 98 %93 % 7Place Holder %Science & Inst. HK48 % 9Cruise Sci & Inst. HK 41

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, Mission Operations Functional Interfaces

Solar Probe Plus A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun Solar Orbiter Science Operations Working Group November 6, SPP Data Products OPS PLANNING Contact Plan DSN Keyword File (DKF) Graphical Timeline Orbit Ops Template FAST/Sched reports Att Short Term Predict Att Metakernel Leap Second Kernel Anomaly History Report As Flown Contact Report Archive Change Report Span Report Gap Report Command History Report Event History Report Inst Cmd History Report Inst Telem Alarm Notice Level 0 RT Telemetry Raw SSR Files SC/Gnd Telem Dictionary Weekly MOC Status Att Hist Report Ops SCLK Kernel Time History File NAV/MD Planetary Ephem Predicted S/C Ephem Mission S/C Ephem Reconstructed S/C Ephem Orbit Events Predicts Maneuver Plan SOC Instr Telem Dictionary Weekly Inst Status ENG S/C Activity Request RF Scheduler Inputs Maneuver Parameters Small Forces File Att Long Term Predict Frame Kernel (FK) DSN Stn Allocation File (SAF) Tracking Data Flight Data Planning Data Navigation Data