Human Body Systems Organ Systems

MAJOR FUNCTIONS: 1. Provide shape & support 2. Allows for movement 3.Protects tissue & organs 4.Stores certain minerals 5. Produces blood cells MAJOR ORGANS: Skull…protects the brain Ribs…protects heart & lungs Vertebrae…protects the spinal cord Femur…produces blood cells in the leg; longest bone in the body Humerus…produces blood cells in the arm

MAJOR FUNCTION: 1.Allows for body movement by expanding & contracting 3 Types of Muscle Tissue: Skeletal: attached to bone to move the skeleton; EX: bicep Smooth: makes up most organs; EX: stomach Cardiac: only found in the heart MAJOR ORGANS: Biceps/Triceps…work together to help move the arm Quadriceps/Hamstrings…work together to move the upper leg Muscles work in pairs!

MAJOR FUNCTION:1. Responsible for getting O 2 IN to the body & removing CO 2 FROM the body. MAJOR ORGANS: Nostrils…openings in the nose that allow air to enter the body Trachea…”windpipe” Larynx…”voice box” Lungs…contains air sacs (alveoli) where O 2 & CO 2 exchanged Diaphragm…dome shape muscle that aids in breathing Epiglottis…small flap of tissue; closes off respiratory system when eating & closes off digestive system when talking/breathing

MAJOR FUNCTION: Carries materials (O 2, CO 2, food, waste, disease fighting cells, hormones) through the body in blood. MAJOR ORGANS: – Heart…pumps blood throughout the body; separated into 4 chambers (2 atria & 2 ventricles) – Artery…thickest blood vessel; carries oxygen-rich blood AWAY from the heart – Vein…contains valves to keep oxygen-poor blood going in one direction—TO the heart – Capillary…thinnest blood vessel; connects arteries to veins

Parts of blood: * platelets…helps in blood clotting * plasma…liquid portion of blood (~55%) * red blood cells (RBC’s)…carry oxygen * hemoglobin…iron containing protein in RBC’s * white blood cells (WBC’s)…produce antibodies to fight infections/diseases A drop of blood travels through the circulatory system… Heart Arteries Capillary Veins Heart

MAJOR FUNCTION:Breaks down food into simpler substances for use by the body MAJOR ORGANS: Mouth…releases saliva, which helps to break down starches into simple sugars Esophagus…muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach Stomach…j-shape pouch that expands to hold all the food that is swallowed – pepsin…enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids Small Intestine…where most digestion occurs & usable nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

Large Intestine (colon)…where water is absorbed from food & the remaining waste material is prepared for elimination from the body Rectum…stores solid waste produced by digestion until the excretory system removes it A piece of food travels through the body in the following way: Mouth esophagus stomach small large rectum intestine intestine

MAJOR FUNCTION: Removes wastes (excess water, salts, CO 2 and urea) from the body. MAJOR ORGANS: Kidney, Urinary Bladder, Skin…cleans/stores/removes liquid waste Rectum, Anus…stores/removes solid waste OTHER INFO: Excretion…process which removes waste from the body Perspiration (sweat)…rids the body of salts/water; helps to regulate body temperature

MAJOR FUNCTIONS: Sends & receives information about the body’s activities Monitors & responds to changes in the environment. A nerves impulse travels through the body in the following way: Nerve Spinal cord Brain

MAJOR ORGANS: Brain…part of the central nervous system; controls most functions in the body – Cerebrum…interprets input from the senses; controls movement of skeletal muscles; carries out complex mental processes – Cerebellum…coordinates the actions of the muscles; helps maintain balance – Medulla oblongata…controls involuntary actions (those that occur automatically) Spinal Cord…links the brain and most of the nerves Nerves (Neurons)…allow for feeling

MAJOR FUNCTIONS: 1. Body’s defense against disease-causing organisms (pathogens) 2. Destroys & removes dead/damaged cells from the body TWO Ways to prevent infectious diseases: Active Immunity… – a person’s own immune system produces antibodies – acquired by: (1) having the disease, ex: chicken pox (2) getting a vaccine, ex: polio vaccine – vaccine…consists of pathogens that have been weakened or killed, but can still trigger the immune system to go into action Passive Immunity… – The antibodies come from a source other than the person’s body, ex: from the mother to the unborn baby across the placenta

The body has THREE lines of defense: FIRST line of defense… Consists of barriers that keep pathogens from getting into the body – Skin…defends the entire body, until a cut occurs – Mucus, cilia, sneezing, coughing…defends the respiratory system – Saliva…defends the digestive system; loaded with “invader-killing” chemicals

SECOND line of defense… Inflammatory response occurs—fluid and certain types of white blood cells leak from the blood vessels into nearby tissue, so that the white blood cells can attack the pathogens – Phagocyte…white blood cell that engulfs pathogens & destroys them by breaking them down

THIRD line of defense… If pathogens get past the second line and is severe enough to cause a fever… Immune system targets specific pathogens B-cells (WBC’s) produce antibodies (proteins) that destroy pathogens T-cells (WBC’s) identify pathogens & distinguish one kind from another