Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Peter Holrick and Roman Werpachowski.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Cosmology GREAT WEB RESOURCE: Contains a cosmological calculator
Advertisements

Lecture 2 Temperature anisotropies cont: what we can learn CMB polarisation: what it is and what we can learn.
© Gary Larson – The Far Side The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
EXTREME ENERGY COSMIC RAYS AND THE UNIVERSE General scope: a new universe Cosmic rays: facts and puzzles.
Planck 2013 results, implications for cosmology
Roger A. Freedman • William J. Kaufmann III
A Scientific History of the Universe. How do we predict the conditions of the early universe? What are the different eras in the early universe? What.
Chapter 17 The Beginning of Time
If the universe were perfectly uniform, then how come the microwave background isn’t uniform? Where did all the structure(galaxies, clusters, etc.) come.
Age vs. Red Shift In the recent past, the universe was dominated by matter The age of the universe now is given by: Recall: x = a/a 0 = 1/(1+z) Time-red-shift.
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE P In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth; and the earth was without form and void; and darkness was upon the face.
Cosmology The Origin and Future of the Universe Part 2 From the Big Bang to Today.
Cosmology topics, collaborations BOOMERanG, Cosmic Microwave Background LARES (LAser RElativity Satellite), General Relativity and extensions, Lense-Thirring.
WMAP. The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe was designed to measure the CMB. –Launched in 2001 –Ended 2010 Microwave antenna includes five frequency.
Galaxies and Cosmology 5 points, vt-2007 Teacher: Göran Östlin Lectures
Universe in a box: simulating formation of cosmic structures Andrey Kravtsov Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics Center for Cosmological Physics (CfCP)
The New Cosmology flat, critical density, accelerating universe early period of rapid expansion (inflation) density inhomogeneities produced from quantum.
CMB as a physics laboratory
1 Announcements Cosmos Assignment 5, due Monday 4/26, Angel Quiz Monday, April 26 Quiz 3 & Review, chapters Wednesday, April 28, Midterm 3: chapters.
Universe Eighth Edition Universe Roger A. Freedman William J. Kaufmann III CHAPTER 26 Cosmology Cosmology.
Physics 133: Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology Lecture 14; March
Do your course evaluations.
Quiz 1 Each quiz sheet has a different 5-digit symmetric number which must be filled in (as shown on the transparency, but NOT the same one!!!!!) Please.
Cosmology I & II Expanding universe Hot early universe Nucleosynthesis Baryogenesis Cosmic microwave background (CMB) Structure formation Dark matter,
Evolution of the Universe (continued)
The Big Bang Astrophysics Lesson 18. Learning Objectives To know:-  What is the big bang theory  What is the evidence supporting it including:-  Cosmological.
Please press “1” to test your transmitter.
Hubble’s Law Our goals for learning What is Hubble’s Law?
Cosmology The Origin, Evolution, and Destiny of the Universe.
Intro to Cosmology! OR What is our Universe?. The Latest High Resolution Image of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Low Energy RegionHigh Energy.
Cosmology and Dark Matter I: Einstein & the Big Bang by Jerry Sellwood.
AS2001 / 2101 Chemical Evolution of the Universe Keith Horne Room 315A
Lecture 5: Matter Dominated Universe: CMB Anisotropies and Large Scale Structure Today, matter is assembled into structures: filaments, clusters, galaxies,
MAPping the Universe ►Introduction: the birth of a new cosmology ►The cosmic microwave background ►Measuring the CMB ►Results from WMAP ►The future of.
AS2001 Chemical Evolution of the Universe Keith Horne 315a
Cosmology, Cosmology I & II Fall Cosmology, Cosmology I & II  Cosmology I:  Cosmology II: 
University of Durham Institute for Computational Cosmology Carlos S. Frenk Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham Galaxy clusters.
FRW-models, summary. Properties of the Universe set by 3 parameters:  m,  ,  k of Which only 2 are Independent:  m +   +  k = 1.
How the Universe got its Spots Edmund Bertschinger MIT Department of Physics.
The Big Bang: what happened, and when did it happen?
the National Radio Astronomy Observatory – Socorro, NM
The Early Universe II AST 112. Review: Observable Universe There is a distance from us at which there is so much expanding space that an object at this.
Cosmic Microwave Background Carlo Baccigalupi, SISSA CMB lectures at TRR33, see the complete program at darkuniverse.uni-hd.de/view/Main/WinterSchoolLecture5.
BBN: Constraints from CMB experiments Joanna Dunkley University of Oxford IAUS Geneva, Nov
The Life of the Universe From Beginning to End.
Chapter 17 The Beginning of Time. Running the Expansion Backward Temperature of the Universe from the Big Bang to the present (10 10 years ~ 3 x
The Beginning of Time: Evidence for the Big Bang & the Theory of Inflation.
Cosmology and Dark Matter III: The Formation of Galaxies Jerry Sellwood.
Cosmology -- the Origin and Structure of the Universe Cosmological Principle – the Universe appears the same from all directions. There is no preferred.
Homework for today was WORKBOOK EXERCISE: “Expansion of the Universe” (pg in workbook)
Universe Tenth Edition Chapter 25 Cosmology: The Origin and Evolution of the Universe Roger Freedman Robert Geller William Kaufmann III.
Lecture 27: The Shape of Space Astronomy Spring 2014.
ASTR 113 – 003 Spring 2006 Lecture 12 April 19, 2006 Review (Ch4-5): the Foundation Galaxy (Ch 25-27) Cosmology (Ch28-29) Introduction To Modern Astronomy.
 Pinning down the date of creation with such precision is impressive, but we have gone much further. We have begun to piece together the whole history.
Option D. 3. Universe was born around 13.8 billion years ago in process called Big Bang In the beginning, all matter & energy in the entire universe was.
Discovering the Universe Eighth Edition Discovering the Universe Eighth Edition Neil F. Comins William J. Kaufmann III CHAPTER 18 Cosmology Cosmology.
Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology SS Chapter 6 Cosmic Microwave Background.
Smoke This! The CMB, the Big Bang, Inflation, and WMAP's latest results Spergel et al, 2006, Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Three Year results:
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 23 The Beginning of Time
The Big Bang The Big Bang
Annihilation (with symmetry breaking) quark soup
Cosmology.
Big Bang.
Standard ΛCDM Model Parameters
Cosmology The study of the structure and evolution of the Universe as a whole. Seeks to answer questions such as: How big is the Universe? What shape is.
Cosmology: The Origin and Evolution of the Universe
The Big Bang The Big Bang
Origin of Universe - Big Bang
CMB Anisotropy 이준호 류주영 박시헌.
Presentation transcript:

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Peter Holrick and Roman Werpachowski

Beginnings of the Universe Big Bang inflation period further expansion and cooling of the universe particle creation and annihilation equilibrium between matter and radiation; first dominated by radiation, then by matter light had a perfect black body spectrum

Photon-baryon fluid

Last scattering Some 300,000 yrs after the Big Bang, the temperature was low enough (~3000 K) to allow electrons to combine with protons, making hydrogen atoms.  Intensive Thomson scattering on charged particles in photon-baryon plasma IS OUT  Low-effective Rayleigh scattering or absorption of a discrete spectrum of frequencies by neutral hydrogen atoms (or particles) COMES IN Universe becomes transparent to light.

Origins of CMB Photons released in the ‘last scattering’ form CMB as it is measured today. History of the Universe up till this point in time shows in CMB. last scattering free charged particles, strong photon scattering time neutral hydrogen atoms, no photon scattering

What happened to CMB next? CMB temperature is inversely proportional to the R scale factor (radiation density is proportional to the R -4 and any fixed volume expands as R 3 ). R was equal to 0 in the Big Bang and equals 1 „now”. Since the last scattering, CMB temp. fell because of space expansion from ~3000 K to K now. However, it retained a perfect black body spectrum.

What do we see in CMB? ignore this, it’s just Milky Way COBE map of CMB ANISOTROPIES!!!!!!!

The big dipole Our galaxy is moving with respect to CMB and we see parts of it shifted due to Doppler effect.

Correlation functions Two point correlation function of f(x): Correlation functions give us information on the structures existing in the spectrum of our data or given mathematical function

A simple example – the data Measurement number n Signal amplitude f(n) n f(n)

A simple example – the correlation Correlation: C(k) k

A simple example – the truth The data: Where U(-0.5,0.5) is a random number with a uniform distribution between –0.5 and 0.5

Correlations in CMB Two point correlation function of f(x): Two point correlation function of CMB: Anisotropies of CMB angular spectrum: vector is a pair of angular coordinates  and . 2l+1 dipole moments

Integrating on a sphere

Structures young and old

Gravitational attraction (film by Andrey Kravtsov)

Photon-baryon oscillations Proof of gravitational potential fluctuations in the early Universe.

Peaks in CMB spectrum

Curvature and angle of vision

Peaks and curvature Remember, we’re talking about the curvature of a 3D space! Negative curvature (open Universe) shifts the whole CMB spectrum to higher l’s (lower angles).

Baryon loading The higher baryon density, the more compressed the fluid. And it shows in the peaks! light spring (low baryon density) massive spring (high baryon density)

Photon-baryon oscillations Proof of gravitational potential fluctuations in the early Universe.

Peaks in CMB spectrum

Damping There is a substantial suppression of peaks beyond the third one, due to acoustic oscillation damping. Damping can be thought of as a result of a random walk in the baryons that takes photons from cold to hot regions and vice versa, smoothing out small-scale temperature inhomogeneities. This random walk is due to the mean free path of a photon in the photon-baryon fluid – photons slip through the baryons for short distances.

Radiation driving Radiation decayed potential wells in the radiation era. This alone would enhance high l oscillations and eliminate alternating peak heights from baryon loading. This effect depends strongly on the cold dark matter (CDM) to radiation ratio.

Polarization Very small, generated only by scattering at recombination. Caused by quadrupole anisotropies. Can be caused by gravitational waves or vortices. X Y

Quadrupole anisotropies

‘Darkness [...] was the Universe’ First peak tells that the Universe is flat. Second peak tells that density of baryon matter  b is too low for a flat Universe. High third peak tells that radiation could not eliminate baryon loading. Damping of higher l peaks tells that photons could slip through baryon matter and dissipate across potential fluctuations.  there is cold dark matter and dark energy in the Universe Lord Byron, Darkness

Precision cosmology Total energy density (BOOMERanG data)  is estimated to be 1.02  (  =1 means flat Universe). Baryon density is estimated 1 to be  b h 2 = Consistent with other estimations (deuterium in quasar lines and the theory of big-bang nucleosynthesis). Dark energy density   is estimated to be between 0.5 and 0.7 (data from galaxy clustering and type Ia supernovae luminance). Dark matter is constrained by CMB to  dm h 2 =0.13  Hubble constant h is taken to be 0.72  0.08 * 100km/s/MPc (data from HST).

Summary Due to low density of matter, light from the Universe 300,000 years old (age of recombination) reached us almost unchanged. It is much colder due to expansion of the Universe. It has Gaussian fluctuations which can be completely described by their power spectrum. We see peaks in the power spectrum. Those peaks are due to oscillations of light and matter before the recombination. Those peaks are an immensely fruitful source of information for the cosmologists. We are going to measure them more precisely than now!

Sources What’s Behind Acoustic Peaks in the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies, arXiv:astro-ph/ CMB and Cosmological Parameters: Current Status and Prospects, arXiv:astro-ph/ Bernard F. Schutz, A First Course in General Relativity