Math Review -20 minutes

Lecture 2 Electric Fields Ch. 22 Ed. 7 Cartoon - Analogous to gravitational field Topics Electric field = Force per unit Charge Electric Field Lines Electric field from more than 1 charge Electric Dipoles Motion of point charges in an electric field Examples of finding electric fields from continuous charges Demos Van de Graaff Generator, workings,lightning rod, electroscope, Field lines using felt,oil, and 10 KV supply Elmo Electron projected into an electric field Electric field from a line of charge Dipole torque Clickers

Concept of the Electric Field Definition of the electric field. Whenever a chrage is present and if I bring up another charge, it will feel a net Coulomb force from it. It is convenient to say that there is a field there equal to the force per unit positive charge. The question is how does charge q0 know about charge q1 if it does not “touch it”? Even in a vacuum! We say there is a field produced by q1 that extends out in space everywhere. The direction of the electric field is along r and points in the direction a positive test charge would move. This idea was proposed by Michael Faraday in the 1830’s. The idea of the field replaces the charges as defining the situation. Consider two point charges: r q1 q0

If q1 were positive r q1 + q0 The Coulomb force is The force per unit charge is Then the electric field at r is due to the point charge q1 . The units are Newton/Coulomb. The electric field has direction and is a vector. How do we find the direction.? The direction is the direction a unit positive test charge would move. This is called a field line. r q1 If q1 were positive

Example of field lines for a point negative charge Example of field lines for a point negative charge. Place a unit positive test charge at every point r and draw the direction that it would move q1 r The blue lines are the field lines. The magnitude of the electric field is The direction of the field is given by the line itself q1 Important F= Eq0 , then ma=q0E, and then a = q0E/m

Repeat with Positive Point Charge F2 F1

Moving positive charge in a field of a positive charge x y

Moving negative charge in a field of a positive charge x y

Electric Field Lines from more two positive charges

Electric Field Lines from two opposite charges (+ -) This is called an electric dipole.

Electric Field Lines: a graphic concept used to draw pictures as an aid to develop intuition about its behavior. The text shows a few examples. Here are the drawing rules. E-field lines either begin on + charges or begin at infinity. E-field lines either end on - charges or end at infinity. They enter or leave charge symmetrically. The number of lines entering or leaving a charge is proportional to the charge The density of lines indicates the strength of E at that point. At large distances from a system of charges, the lines become isotropic and radial as from a single point charge equal to the net charge of the system. No two field lines can cross.

Example of field lines for a uniform distribution of positive charge on one side of a very large nonconducting sheet. This is called a uniform electric field.

In order to get a better idea of field lines try this Physlet. http://webphysics.davidson.edu/Applets/Applets.html Click on problems Click on Ch 9: E/M Play with Physlet 9.1.4, 9.1.7 Demo: Show field lines using felt, oil, and 10 KV supply One point charge Two point charges of same sign Two point charges opposite sign Wall of charge

Methods of evaluating electric fields Direct evaluation from Coulombs Law for a single point charge For a group of point charges, perform the vector sum This is a vector equation and can be complex and messy to evaluate and we may have to resort to a computer. The principle of superposition guarantees the result.

Typical Electric Fields (SI Units) 1 cm away from 1 nC of negative charge - q r E . P

Typical Electric Fields Fair weather atmospheric electricity = downward 100 km high in the ionosphere + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + E Earth

Typical Electric Fields Field due to a proton at the location of the electron in the H atom. The radius of the electron orbit is + - r Hydrogen atom

Example of finding electric field from two charges lying in a plane We have at the origin, at x=4 m and y=0. What is the magnitude and direction of the electric field E at y=3 m and x=0? P Find the x and y components of the electric field for each charge and add them up.

Find the magnitude of the field for q1 P q2 =15 nc q1=10 nc

Find the magnitude of the field for q2 P 5 φ φ Find the x and y components q2 =15 nc q1=10 nc Now add all components

Add up the components φ1 φ y Using unit vector notation we can Magnitude of net electric field is q1=10 nc q2 =15 nc φ Direction of the total electric field is y x Using unit vector notation we can also write the electric field vector as: -71.9

Example of two identical charges of +15 nC on the x axis Example of two identical charges of +15 nC on the x axis. Each is 4 m from the origin. What is the electric field on the y axis at P where y= 3 m? Example using symmetry to simplify. . y 4 x +15 nc 3 P Find x and y components of the electric field at P due to each charge and add them up. Find x component first. 5 ϕ . y 4 x +15 nc 3 P By symmetry

Now find y component 5 φ . y 4 x +15 nc 3 φ y

Example of two opposite charges on the x axis Example of two opposite charges on the x axis. Each is 4 m from the origin. What is the electric field on the y axis at P where y= 3 m? Example using symmetry to simplify. 3 y 4 x -15 nc +15 nc φ 5 Ex P Find the x and y component of the electric field Ey=0 by symmetry

Electric Dipole a E1 E1x θ y E2 a 2 L cos = q For large r

This is called an Electric Dipole: A pair of equal and opposite charges q separated by a displacement L. It has an electric dipole moment p=qL. P when r is large compared to L p=qL = the electric dipole moment r Note inverse cube law -q +q - + The dipole moment p is defined as a vector directed from - to + L

Electric Dipoles in Electric fields A uniform external electric field exerts no net force on a dipole, but it does exert torque that tends to rotate the dipole in the direction of the field (align with ) x Torque about the com = τ So, When the dipole rotates through q, the electric field does work:

Water (H2O) is a molecule that has a permanent dipole moment. GIven p = 6.2 x 10 - 30 C m And q = -10 e and q = +10e What is d? d = p / 10e = 6.2 x 10 -30 C m / 10*1.6 x 10 -19 C = 3.9 x 10 -12 m Very small distance but still is responsible for the conductivity of water. When a dipole is an electric field, the dipole moment wants to rotate to line up with the electric field. It experiences a torque. Leads to how microwave ovens heat up food

Why do Electric Dipoles align with Electric fields ? Work done equals The minus sign arises because the torque opposes any increase in θ. Setting the negative of this work equal to the change in the potential energy, we have Integrating, Potential Energy Ans. The energy is minimum when aligns with

Problem 22-50 An electric dipole consists of charges +2e and -2e separated by 0.61 nm. It is in an electric field of strength 3.8 x 106 N/C. Calculate the magnitude of the torque on the dipole when the dipole moment has the following orientations. parallel to the field (b) perpendicular to the field (c) antiparallel to the field

In Nonuniform Electric fields with a gradient, the dipole gets attracted towards regions of stronger fields When a dipole is in an electric field that varies with position, then the magnitude of the electric force will be different for the two charges. The dipole can be permanent like NaCl or water or induced as seen in the hanging pith ball. Induced dipoles are always attracted to the region of higher field. Explains why wood is attracted to the teflon rod and how a smoke remover or microwave oven works. Show smoke remover demo.

Smoke Remover Negatively charged central wire has electric field that varies as 1/r (strong electric field gradient). Field induces a dipole moment on the smoke particles. The positive end gets attracted more to the wire. In the meantime a corona discharge is created. This just means that induced dipole moments in the air molecules cause them to be attracted towards the wire where they receive an electron and get repelled producing a cloud of ions around the wire. When the smoke particle hits the wire it receives an electron and then is repelled to the side of the can where it sticks. However, it only has to enter the cloud of ions before it is repelled. It would also work if the polarity of the wire is reversed

Motion of point charges in electric fields When a point charge such as an electron is placed in an electric field E, it is accelerated according to Newton’s Law: a = F/m = q E/m for uniform electric fields a = F/m = mg/m = g for uniform gravitational fields If the field is uniform, we now have a projectile motion problem- constant acceleration in one direction. So we have parabolic motion just as in hitting a baseball, etc except the magnitudes of velocities and accelerations are different. Replace g by qE/m in all equations; For example, y =1/2at2 we get y =1/2(qE/m)t2

Example illustrating the motion of a charged particle in an electric field: An electron is projected perpendicularly to a downward uniform electric field of E= 2000 N/C with a horizontal velocity v=106 m/s. How much is the electron deflected after traveling a distance d=1 cm. Find the deflection y. v E d y electron

v E d y electron

Finding Electric Fields for Continuous Distributions of Charge Electric Field due to a long wire Electric field due to an arc of a circle of uniform charge. Electric field due to a ring of uniform charge Electric field of a uniform charged disk

What is the electric field from an infinitely long wire with linear charge density of +100 nC/m at a point 10 away from it. What do the lines of flux look like? ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Typical field for the electrostatic smoke remover

Continuous distribution of charges Instead of summing the charge we can imagine a continuous distribution and integrate it. This distribution may be over a volume, a surface or just a line. Also use symmetry. y dE . r . -x +x - L/2 L/2 dq

Find electric field due to a line of uniform + charge of length L with linear charge density equal to λ at a point on the y axis that bisects the rod. λ= Q / L ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ y +x dq -x - L/2 L/2 dE dE r θ dE = k dq /r2 Apply Coulombs law to a slug of charge dq dq = λdx dEy= k λ dx cos θ/r2 dE = k λdx /r2 dEy= dE cos θ

-x +x dEy dE y -L/2 x L/2 dx / r2 = dθ / y y r θ dq r =y sec θ r2 =y2sec2 θ r x= y tanθ dx = y sec2 θ dθ y θ -x +x -L/2 x L/2 dx / r2 = dθ / y dq

What is the field at the center due to arc of charge uniformly distributed along arc?

What is the field at the center due to arc of charge uniformly distributed along arc? dq=λds s=r θ ds=r dθ 0 due to symmetric element of charge above and below the x axis

What is the field at the center due to arc of charge uniformly distributed along arc? dq=λds s=r θ ds=r dθ 0 due to symmetric element of charge above and below the x axis

Now find the x component dEx= k dq cos θ /r2 dq=λds s=r θ ds=r dθ dEx= k λds cos θ /r2

Find the electric field on the axis of a uniformly charged ring with linear charge density λ = Q/2πR. r2 =z2+R2 dq = λds cos θ =z/r =0 at z=0 =0 at z=infinity =max at z=0.7R

Chapter 22 Problem 30 A disk of radius 2.7 cm has a surface charge density of 4.0 µC/m2 on its upper face. What is the magnitude of the electric field produced by the disk at a point on its central axis at distance z = 12 cm from the disk?

Chapter 22 Problem 44 At some instant the velocity components of an electron moving between two charged parallel plates are vx = 1.7 x 105 m/s and vy = 2.8 x 103 m/s. Suppose that the electric field between the plates is given by E = (120 N/C) j. (a) In unit vector notation what is the electron's acceleration in the field? (b) What is the electron's velocity when its x coordinate has changed by 2.7 cm?

Chapter 22 Problem 50 An electric dipole consists of charges +2e and -2e separated by 0.74 nm. It is in an electric field of strength 3.4 x106 N/C. Calculate the magnitude of the torque on the dipole when the dipole moment has the following orientations. (a) parallel to the field (b) perpendicular to the field (c) antiparallel to the field