An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism 1894 - 1914 Chapter 24 An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism 1894 - 1914

I. Intellectual and Cultural Developments The Emergence of a New Physics – b/4 reason and facts = science Newton - (Objective)

2. Marie Curie Polish Married Pierre Curie – a professor of physics 1906 – husband died and she was professor Theory of Radioactivity (radium and polonium) Subatomic particles – random movements

3. Max Planck (1858-1947) Correlation of temperature and radiation. Energy of a vibrating molecule is “quantized” (radiation was emitted in little “chunks” which is proportional to vibration not temperature). Revolutionary – energy is discontinuous. Not a constant stream. Not objective.

4. Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) German The Electro-Dynamic of Moving Bodies Relativity Theory – Space and Time are NOT absolute but relative to the observer 4D – Space/Time Continuum. Matter is Energy E = mc^2 Eclipse of 1919 – light was bending with gravitational force even though it had no mass.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoaOHvy5AcA&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztNjUtJcGzk

B. Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational Frederich Nietsche (1844-1900) Reason plays little role in life – at the mercy of irrational forces. Christianity was the problem – “Slave Morality”

Frederick Nietzsche – slave morality Morality was invented by “weak” people in order to defend themselves against the “strong Superior person – skeptic of compassion, pity, and selflessness. Happy, energetic and optimistic. Slave – Pessimistic and fearful. Slaves are victims (or choose to be) Makes the best of a bad situation. Promotes virtues to ease living for those who suffer. Patience, industry, humility - good things.

Slave Morality vs Master Morality Slave Morality – (living a lie) Good – to ease suffering Bad – to inspire fear Master Morality Good – to inspire fear Bad – to ease suffering What would he think about equality and Democracy?

“God is Dead” Not literally God is dead in the hearts of modern man, killed by rationality and science. Accepting that there is no God – is getting rid of the Western Christian cultural belief of a God. April 8, 1966

2. Henri Bergson – (1859-1941) Reason is good for knowledge and practical application but it is not necessary for truth or ultimate reality Reality is a “life force” French Philosopher Intuitivism

3. Georges Sorel (1847-1922) Revolutionary Socialism – violent action to ensure socialism General Strike – violent orders to attack Capitalist society Small elite ruling body

C. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis (1856 – 1939) Austrian The Interpretations of Dreams Psychoanalysis – human behavior is driven by irrational behavior (the unconscious) Role of Unconscious Hypnosis and Dreams Repression – previous experiences determine behavior, but you can’t remember.

Unconscious Id – unconscious – basic drives for the pleasure principle Ego – justifies the id’s drives – the reality principle Superego – stops the id. (societies morals or virtues)

Oedipus Complex The most important repressions were sexual Through psychoanalysis a patient would find that there are desires for the parent of the opposite sex.

D. The Impact of Darwin Social Darwinism – Herbert Spencer Societies are organisms – The state should not intervene because society will fix itself. Racism – nations were engaged in a “struggle for existence” Is there a more evolved race??? Germany, (volk) – nation, people, race

Volkish Thought Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) The Foundations of the 19th Century Modern-Day Germans “Aryan” – creators of West. Culture Destructive races: Jews Negroes Orientals

E. The Attack of Christianity Industrialization and urbanization means the church is less powerful 1. Anticlericalism – movement that opposed the clergy for reasons like -politics - Scientific discoveries (evolution) - Ernst Renan – Life of Jesus – questions historical accuracy

D. Attack of Christianity Response of the Churches Rejection of the modern ideas and forces (Catholic and Protestant) Pope Pius IX = Syllabus of Errors Modernism – reinterpret Christianity Ends by 1907 Compromise

E. The Culture of Modernity: Literature 1. Naturalism – b/4 realistic - now realistic but no optimis.

E. The Culture of Modernity: Literature 2. Symbolism – (poetry) against realism, external world = not reality mind – reality a. W.B. Yeats b. Maria Rilke

F. Modernism in the Arts Impressionism – beginning of modern art. France – no studio painting; country Camille Pissarro (1830-1903) – founder Not as “precise” or real Effects of light on nature Claude Monet (1840-1926) Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)-female painter – not taken seriously

Pissarro - The Chestnut Trees at Osny

Pissarro - Landscape at Chaponval

Claude Monet http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/monet-the-argenteuil-bridge

Berthe Morisot http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/morisots-mother-and-sister-of-the-artist

F. Modernism 2. Post – Impressionism (1880s) kept the light and color - but structure and form become important (Personal statement about reality - objective reality to subjective reality)

Paul Cezanne (1839 – 1906) Geometric figure

Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)

F. Modernism 3. Search for Individual Expression – how do you represent “reality” when you aren’t sure what reality is? a. photography – 1830’s b. Picasso – Cubism (geometric designs) c. Kandinsky – abstract painting – art avoids representation and speaks to the soul (concentrates on color)

George Eastman – Kodak 1888

Pablo Picasso – Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

Picasso – Three Musicians

Kandinsky – Square with White Border

4. Modernism in Music Emphasis on folk music Edvard Grieg – Norwegian Nationalist http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAMLCDnCLzs Claude Dubussy - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_7loz-HWUM Igor Stravinsky http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSyoi0EGYBw

II. Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties The movement of Women’s Rights Political Democracy – 1894 slowed and socialism is taking over 1830’s movements start – more for family and prejudice. Mostly unsuccessful New Professions – teaching and nursing.

Nursing during the 19th century Amalie Sieveking Florence Nightingale Clara Barton – 1821-1912

4. The Right to Vote Britain (Millicent Fawcett) Women’s Social and Political Union and 1903 – media and “suffragettes”

Emily Davison - 1913

Emmaline Pankhurst Founded Women’s Social and Political Union More radical protests Eggs, chaining to lampposts Hunger strikes

1908 Equal Suffrage laws in Harper’s Weekly

5. Efforts for Peace Bertha Von Suttner (1853-1914) Lay Down Your Arms – novel; nobel peace prize in 1905 “new woman” – renouncing Traditional female roles Maria Montessori – first Italian woman with a med degree. Montessori schools

B. Jews in the European Nation-State Anti-Semitism in the Austrian Empire in Germany Karl Lueger – mayor of Vienna 1897-1910 German Nationalist – blamed Jews for the corruption of the Jewish culture Pogroms – 72% of Jews lived in Eastern Europe

3. Zionist Movement Theodor Hezel – The Jewish State Secure Palestine as a homeland for the Jewish people.

C. Transformation of Liberalism Giovanni Giolitti – Transformismo –political groups transformed by bribery Italian politics – corrupt Appeased urban workers with social welfare programs Libya

2. France Dreyfus Affair – Alfred Dreyfus found guilty of giving military secrets to Germany Dreyfus was Jewish A Catholic Aristocrat was really upset The corruption of the army was published in a newspaper by Emile Zola

2. France Result – French Government exposed Radical republicans purged the nation of its moderate politicians and army officials Separation of Church and State in 1905 Working class still alienated from the government

3. Germany: William II and Bismarck 1871-1914 Tensions Grow due to urbanization, traditionalism, and socialism Working class undermined by the socialist party and government Pan-Germanic League – advocated imperialism and denounced Jews