Modernist Thought.

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Presentation transcript:

Modernist Thought

Irrationalism Reaction against much Enlightenment philosophy Argued that Man’s fundamental impulses are irrational If this is true, then what? Celebrate the irrational OR Try to contain it

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) Prussian-born, professor at Basel Intermittent bouts of insanity until final collapse in 1890s Life is not rational—embrace it Beyond Good and Evil Thus Spoke Zarathustra

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) Most consistent modern rejection of Christianity “God is dead”—nihilism Christian morality must be discarded Christianity has weakened European race

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) The “superman” (ubermensch) Creates his own values Frees himself from democracy Not ashamed of the “will to power” Must save Europe

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Believed unconscious urges determine conscious thoughts Use reason, science to control the irrational The Interpretation of Dreams Civilization and Its Discontents

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Father of psychoanalysis Did case studies of neurotics Neuroses are traceable to childhood and usually sexual in nature (Oedipus complex, etc.)

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Id—subconscious source of instincts, appetites Ego—reason, restrains id to make social life possible Superego—conscience, opposed to id (paternal)

Sociologists Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) Positivist like Comte Problem of anomie in modern world Hoped unions, associations would cure alienation Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) Social behavior is irrational; suspect everyone Two kinds of people: elites and masses “80/20 rule” Opponent of democracy, prophesied new leaders

Sociologists Max Weber (1864-1920) Why is the West rational while others aren’t? Answer: religion, esp. Protestantism Reason liberates but also can enslave

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