Crisis? What Crisis? Understanding the “Crisis in Scholarly Communication” John Barnett, University of Pittsburgh Tom Reinsfelder, Penn State Mont Alto October 21,

Defining the Crisis The Library Perspective ◦ Growth rate of scholarly output  More government funding for research  More scholarship  More Journals ◦ Increases in subscriptions rates ◦ An Unsustainable Environment  No library can afford all the journals it needs 2

Growth in scholarly publishing ≈50 million research articles published ≈1.35 million scientific journal articles published per year (2006 est.) Average number of science articles per journal increased from 185 to 273 from 1990 to 2009 Number of scientific articles indexed by ISI was 1 million in 2009 – a rise of 72% Sources: Jinha, (2010), Bjork, et al. (2009), & Jump (2010). 3

What do serial subscriptions cost? Columbia University ◦ 111,774 titles ◦ $14,870,587 ◦ $133 per title avg Penn State ◦ 67,202 titles ◦ $12,527,142 ◦ $186 per title avg Median ◦ 61,566 titles ◦ $7,192,136 ◦ $117 per title avg Georgia Tech ◦ 12,369 titles ◦ $4,470,959 ◦ $361 per title avg Source: 2010/11 Association of Research Statistics 4

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Concentration of ownership 6

“Reed Elsevier (RUK) is the world's largest publisher of academic journals, with more than 1,200 scholarly titles.(RUK) The publishing division operates at a 36% profit margin - an outstanding margin for any business” thestreet.com - 5/30/12 7

Reaching a Breaking Point Libraries are forced to make some difficult decisions ◦ ACS Journals cancelled by SUNY Pottsdam (2012) ACS Journals cancelled by SUNY Pottsdam ◦ Univ of CA system threatened to drop Nature journals (2010) Univ of CA system threatened to drop Nature journals 8

One possible solution... Open Access Week October 21-27, 2013 openaccessweek.org 9

Open access literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. Peter Suber, Open Access. MIT Press

Open Access is Compatible with… Peer review Promotion and tenure criteria Copyright law Revenue and profits Any genre or format Open Access does not … Mean low quality Violate copyright Reduce author choice or academic freedom 11

Maintaining Peer Review & Quality Just as with traditional journals, Open Access journal quality varies widely Some are simply looking to profit from author fees Must watch Out for “Predatory OA Publishers” 12

scholarlyoa.com/publishers 13

In the news: OA “sting” operation Bohannon, J. (2013, Oct.). Who’s Afraid of Peer Review? Science 342(6154). Submitted fake/poorly conceived science manuscripts to 304 OA journals 157 journals accepted paper, many “with no sign of peer review” Criticized for no control group of non-OA journals 14

15 Reinsfelder (2012). Open access publishing practices in a complex environment. Journal of Librarianship & Scholarly Communication

What influence do library directors perceive each stakeholder group as holding in the transition toward open access? Librarians.7056 Faculty Researchers.3792 Academic Administrators.1881 Publishers Source: Reinsfelder & Anderson (2013) 16

Scholarly Publishing Each key stakeholder group relies on the others. Let’s look at scholarly publishing from the perspective of: ◦ Librarians ◦ Authors ◦ Publishers ◦ Administrators 17

Librarians Access providers & preservers of knowledge Want greater access & lower costs Some are very involved, while others remain less aware of scholarly publishing issues Must constantly evolve and adapt (new services) Depend on services of publishers ◦ Some examples of new initiatives:  Library as Publisher (repositories/journals/digital collections)  Initiatives to raise awareness about:  Open access  Authors rights / copyright 18

Academic Authors Producers of scholarly knowledge Not in it for financial gain ◦ Rewarded by exposure / recognition Interested in journal prestige/quality Prefer to access journals electronically Increasingly aware of pricing issues & new publishing opportunities, but overall awareness is still low Many do not perceive a need for change 19

What are Authors Doing? Publishing articles in OA journals Serving as editors/reviewers for OA journals Self Archiving (making their non-OA articles available in repositories) Adopting OA Policies Producing scholarly work in non-traditional formats (images, audio, data) Applying Creative Commons licenses to works 20

Faculty Adopted Open Access Policies Institution-wide policesCollege or departmental policies Bucknell University Duke University Emory University Lafayette College Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Oberlin College Princeton University Rollins College Trinity University University of California, San Francisco University of Hawaii-Manoa University of Kansas University of Massachusetts Medical School University of North Texas Utah State University Arizona State University Libraries Brigham Young University: Department of Instructional Psychology and Technology; University Library Columbia University: Lamont -Doherty Earth Observatory; University Libraries Gustavus Adolphus College Library Harvard University: Business School, Divinity School, Law School, Graduate School of Design, Graduate School of Education, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, John F. Kennedy School of Government Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) Library Miami University of Ohio, Libraries Oregon State University: Library Faculty Stanford University: School of Education University of Northern Colorado Library Faculty University of Oregon: Department of Romance Languages; Library Faculty University of Puerto Rico School Of Law Wake Forest University: Z. Smith Reynolds Library Faculty Source: 21

Faculty OA Policy Features University is granted non-exclusive right to post online for open access all scholarly work written by the researcher. Faculty members retain the copyright to these articles and can turn copyright over to a third party, such as a publisher. Faculty are discouraged from signing publishing contracts that forbid open access posting but usually receive an exception from the policy if needed. A single institutional repository service is designated as the official distribution site for the faculty works. Green OA – refers to faculty sharing their work online (pre- or post-print). An alternative to Gold OA (oa journals) 22

What about Students? Student Journals Electronic theses and dissertations (including honors theses) Portfolios Joint research with faculty 23

Publishers (distributors)  Motivated to produce revenue and/or profit  Need a sustainable business model  Very aware of current publishing environment, including OA  Experimentation with new services & business models  New relationships with authors & librarians  Many traditional (subscription-based) publishers offer hybrid OA options (author pays)  Some OA journals charge a fee 24

Administrators (funders, policy makers)  Want to share knowledge produced at their institution & raise institution’s reputation/status  Not opposed to new forms of scholarship, as long as quality is maintained  Feel librarians must compete for resources along with others on campus  Have a general awareness of issues facing libraries, but library problems are often not the top priority  Can support more open scholarly publishing by  Providing policy support  Offering $$ for OA initiatives  publication fees / repositories / staff 25

Open Access Funds for Researchers University of Calgary University of California, Berkeley Columbia University Cornell University Dartmouth University Duke University University of Florida Grand Valley State University Harvard University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Michigan State University University of Michigan University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Ontario Genomics Institute University of Oregon University of Ottawa Simon Fraser University University of Pittsburgh University of Tennessee, Knoxville Texas A&M University University of Toronto Tufts University University of Utah Wake Forest University University of Wisconsin Help pay author publishing charges for peer-reviewed OA journals Some institutions with OA funds: 26

Federal Policies & Laws National Institutes of Health Public Access Policy (2008) “all investigators funded by the NIH submit...to the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed Central an electronic version of their final, peer-reviewed manuscripts upon acceptance for publication, to be made publicly available no later than 12 months after the official date of publication” Fair Access to Science & Technology Research Act H.R. 708 (Introduced Feb. 2013) would require federal agencies with annual extramural research budgets of $100 million or more to provide the public with online access to research manuscripts stemming from funded research no later than six months after publication in a peer-reviewed journal. 27

White House Directive Mandating OA – Feb 22, 2013 Directs federal agencies to develop OA policies within the next 6 months. Covers the same agencies covered in FASTR and about a dozen more. Takes effect immediately. 28

“The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) hereby directs each Federal agency with over $100 million in annual conduct of research and development expenditures to develop a plan to support increased public access to the results of research funded by the Federal Government. This includes any results published in peer-reviewed scholarly publications that are based on research that directly arises from Federal funds” White House Directive Mandating OA – Feb 22,

State Legislation Illinois “Open Access to Research Articles Act” Passed August 9, 2013 “By January 1, 2014, each public university shall establish an Open Access to Research Task Force.” “The task force shall review current practices and design a proposed policy regarding open access to research articles, based on criteria that are specific to each public university's needs.” 30

On or before January 1, 2015, each task force shall adopt a report setting forth its findings and recommendations. These recommendations shall include a detailed description of any open access policy the task force recommends that the public university or State adopt, as well as, in the case of the public university, a plan for implementation. 31

Discussion What can we do? ◦ As individuals? ◦ At our institutions? ◦ Collectively within our state or region? 32

OA Week at Pitt Library kickoff event in early-mid October 1-3 programs related to OA/scholarly communication featuring outside speakers ◦ Copyright ◦ OA policies ◦ Altmetrics ◦ Journal publishing 33

Cookies and Swag 34

Recommended Reading “Open Access should be required reading for everyone involved in the publishing cycle – from authors to publishers…and general readers. Everyone who reads this volume will gain a better understanding and appreciation of OA” (Choice Reviews, Feb 2013) 35

The Real Crisis… We have the ability to provide greater access to scholarly work, but much of what academics produce remains available only to subscribers, due primarily to author unawareness or apathy. 36

Key References Beall, J. (2013). Beall’s list: Potential, possible, or probable, predatory open-access scholarly publishers. Bjork, B., Roos, A., and Lauri, M. (2009). Scientific journal publishing: Yearly volume and open access availability. Information Research 14(1), paper Bohannon, J. (2013, Oct.). Who’s Afraid of Peer Review? Science 342(6154) doi: /science /science Howard, J. (2010, June 8). U. of California tries just saying no to rising journal costs. Chronicle of Higher Education. Just/65823/ Just/65823/ Jinha, A. (2010). Article 50 million: an estimate of the number of scholarly articles in existence. Learned Publishing 23(2), doi: / / Jump, P. (2010). The expanding universe of scientific authorship. Times Higher Education Supplement (8 July 2010), 10. Kyrillidou, M., Morris, S., & Roebuck, G. (2012) ARL Statistics Washington: Association of Research Libraries. 37

Key References (cont.) OA Journal Funds. (2013). Reinsfelder. (2012). Open access publishing practices in a complex environment. Journal of Librarianship & Scholarly Communication., 1(1):eP1029. doi: / / Reinsfelder, T.L, & Anderson, J. A. (2013). “Observations and Perceptions of Academic Administrator Influence on Open Access Initiatives.” Journal of Academic Librarianship (2013). doi: /j.acalib Rogers, J. (2012). Walking away from the American Chemical Society. Suber, P. (2012). Open access. MIT Press. Tenopir, C., & King, D.E. (2000).Towards electronic journals: Realities for scientists, librarians, and publishers. Washington, DC: Special Libraries Association. University of California at Berkeley (2008). Hot Topics: Publisher Mergers

Other Resources Creative Commonscreativecommons.org Flexible licensing for authors Open Access Weekwww.openaccessweek.org A Very Brief Introduction to Open Access What Faculty/Librarians, Research Funders/Universities & Administrators can do to promote Open Access Right to Researchwww.righttoresearch.org Open Publishing Guide for Students SHERPA RoMEOwww.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo Publisher copyright policies & self-archiving SPARCsparc.arl.org Guides on OA publishing, institutional repositories Open Access Explained video 39