Instructor: Jully Yin Meeting Room: Room 209

Open discussion: What is punctuation? How many different kind of punctuation are there in Modern English? Can you name at least 5 of them?

Period. Comma, Semicolon ; Colon : Parenthesis () Bracket [ ] Brace { }

Dash — Hyphen - Question Mark ? Double quotation " Single quotation (apostrophe ) ' Slash /

My attitude toward punctuation is that it ought to be as conventional as possible.... You ought to be able to show that you can do it a good deal better than anyone else with the regular tools before you have a license to bring in your own improvements. (Ernest Hemingway, letter to Horace Liveright, May 22, 1925)

“shall continue in force for a period of five years from the date it is made, and thereafter for successive five year terms, unless and until terminated by one year prior notice in writing by either party.” port-on-business/article ece

Rogers' intent in 2002 was to lock into a long-term deal of at least five years. “Based on the rules of punctuation,” the comma in question “allows for the termination of the [contract] at any time, without cause, upon one-year's written notice,” the regulator said.

Team work: Look at the above sentence, and try to decide what it's supposed to mean. We had one problem only Janet knew we faced bankruptcy

We had one problem only Janet knew we faced: bankruptcy.

We had one problem only, Janet knew: we faced bankruptcy.

We had one problem only: Janet knew we faced bankruptcy.

We had one problem: only Janet knew we faced bankruptcy.

*We had one problem only, Janet knew we faced bankruptcy. Usually, an asterisk is used to mark a sentence which is poorly punctuated.

English-Punctuation-Correctly

The question mark ( ? ), used at the end of a sentence, suggests an interrogatory remark or inquiry.

The exclamation point (exclamation mark, shout mark)( ! ) suggests excitement or emphasis in a sentence.

Use a semicolon to separate two related but independent clauses. Use a semicolon to separate a complex series of items, especially those that contain commas.

Use the colon to introduce a list. Be careful not to use a colon when denoting a regular series.

Use a hyphen when adding a prefix to some words. Use hyphens when creating compound words from separate words. Use a hyphen when writing numbers out as words.

The dash ( -- or — ) should be used when making a brief interruption within a statement, a sudden change of thought, an additional comment, or a dramatic qualification.

The double quotation ( " ) encloses a direct quotation, whether made by a person or taken from a piece of literature.

Use the apostrophe together with the letter s to indicate possession. Use the apostrophe to combine two words to make a contraction. Use the v mark within a regular quotation to indicate a quotation within a quotation.

Use parentheses ( ( ) ) to clarify, to place an afterthought, or to add a personal comment.

Use brackets ( [ ] ) to signify an editor's note in a regular piece of writing.

Braces ( { } ) are most widely used in denoting a numeric set in mathematics.

Use the slash to separate and and or, when appropriate.

Simple Compound Complex Compound-Complex Can you tell a sentence structure by reading its punctuation?

Simple Independent clause [. ] Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma.

Compound 1 Independent clause [, ] coordinating conjunction independent clause [. ] Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma, but they don't know the reasons for it.

Compound 2 Independent clause [ ; ] independent clause [. ] Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma; they don't know the reasons for it.

Compound 3 Independent clause [ ; ] independent marker [, ] independent clause [. ] Example:Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma; therefore, they have called for more research into its causes.

Complex 1 Dependent marker dependent clause[, ] Independent clause[. ] Example: Because doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma, they have called for more research into its causes.

Complex 2 Independent clause dependent marker dependent clause [. ] Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma because it is a common, treatable illness.

First part of an independent clause [, ] non-essential clause or phrase, rest of the independent clause [. ] Example: Many doctors, including both pediatricians and family practice physicians, are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma.

First part of an independent clause essential clause or phrase rest of the independent clause [. ] Example: Many doctors who are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma have called for more research into its causes.

Example: therefore, moreover, thus, consequently, however, also. What is this called based on the parts of speech that we learned in the previous session?

workshop/Adverbial%20Conjunctions.pdf

Result: therefore, consequently, of course

Concession: nevertheless, yet, still, after all, of course

Apposition: for example, for instance, that is, namely, in other words

Addition: moreover, furthermore, also, in addition, likewise, further

Time: meanwhile, in the meantime

Contrast: however, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, rather

Summary: thus, in conclusion, then

Reinforcement: further, in particular, indeed, above all, in fact

A comma CANNOT join two complete sentences.

Do not use a question mark at the end of an indirect question. Use an internal question mark (?) to show that something is uncertain.

Do not space before a full stop, a question mark or an exclamation mark.

A fragment is a word or a phrase which stands by itself but which does not make up a complete sentence. Fragments are very common in ordinary speech, in advertisements and even in newspapers.

A comma CANNOT join two complete sentences.

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