© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Wound Care and Bloodborne Pathogens Juan Cuevas, ATC

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Healthcare facility must be maintained as ______ and sterile to prevent spread of disease and _______ Must take precautions to minimize ______ Must take whatever measures to prevent contamination

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Bloodborne Pathogens Pathogenic organisms, present in human ______ and other fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, ______, vaginal secretion and synovial fluid) that can potentially cause _______ Most significant pathogens are Hepatitis __, ___ and _____ Others that exist are Hepatitis A, D, E and syphilis

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Hepatitis B Major cause of _____ infection, resulting in swelling, soreness, loss of normal ______ function Signs and symptoms –____-like symptoms like fatigue, weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, headache, fever, and possibly _______________ –Possible that individual will not exhibit signs and symptoms Can be unknowingly transferred

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. –May test positive w/in 2-6 weeks of symptom development –85% recover within ______ weeks Prevention –Good personal _______ and avoiding high risk activities –Proceed with caution as _____ can survive in blood and fluids, in dried blood and on contaminated surfaces for at least ___ week –Vaccination against HBV

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Hepatitis C Both an _______ and chronic form of ____ disease caused by hepatitis C virus (____) ___________________ chronic bloodborne infection in United States Leading indication for l_______ transplant Signs & Symptoms –_______% of those infected have no S&S –May be jaundice, have mild abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, muscle/joint pain, and/or _______ urine

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Virus that has potential to destroy _______ system According to World Health Organization 42 million people were living with HIV/AIDS in _________

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Symptoms and Signs –Transmitted by infected ______ or other fluids –_______, weight loss, muscle or joint pain, painful or swollen glands, night sweats and fever –Antibodies can be detected in blood tests within 1 year of exposure –May go for 8-10 _____ before signs and symptoms develop –Most that acquire HIV will develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (_______)

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) _____________ of signs and symptoms that are recognized as the effects of an infection No protection against the simplest _______ Positive test for HIV cannot predict when the individual will show symptoms of AIDS After contracting AIDS, people generally die w/in 2 _____ of symptoms developing

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Management –____ vaccine for HIV, no cure even though drug therapy is available –Research looking for preventive vaccine and effective treatment –Most effective drug combination Antiviral drug ___________ Slows replication of virus, improving prospects for survival

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. HIV and Athletic Participation No definitive answer as to whether asymptomatic HIV _________ should participate in sport American with Disabilities ______ says athletes infected cannot be discriminated against and may only be excluded with __________ sound basis

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. –Disinfectant Contaminated surfaces should be clean immediately with solution of ________ ratio approved disinfectant to water Should inactivate HIV Contaminated towels should be bagged, labeled, and separated from other soiled laundry, then transported in biohazard container –Wash in ______ water (159.8 degrees F for 25 minutes) –Laundry done outside institution should be OSHA certified –Sharps ________, razorblades, and scalpels use extreme care in handling and disposing all sharps

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Caring for Skin Wounds Skin wounds are extremely common in sports Soft pliable nature of skin makes it susceptible to _______ Numerous mechanical forces can result in trauma –________, scrapping, pressure, ________, cutting and penetration

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Types of wounds –_________ Skin scraped against rough surface _____ layer of skin wears away exposing numerous capillaries Often involves exposure to dirt and foreign materials = increased risk for ________ –__________________ Sharp or pointed object ________ tissues – results in wound with jagged edges May also result in tissue avulsion –_________ Wounds with smooth edges

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. –____________ wounds Can easily occur during activity and can be ______ Penetration of tissue can result in introduction of tetanus bacillus to bloodstream All severe lacerations and puncture wounds should be referred to a ____________ –__________________ wounds Skin is torn from _______ = major bleeding Place avulsed tissue in moist ______ (saline), plastic bag and immerse in cold water Take to hospital for reattachment

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Immediate Care Should be cared for immediately ______ wounds should be treated as though they have been contaminated with microorganisms To minimize infection clean wound with copious amounts of _____, water and _____ solution

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Dressing –_____________ dressing should be applied to keep wound clean –Occlusive dressing are extremely effective in minimizing _________ –Antibacterial ointments are effective in limiting bacterial growth and preventing wound from sticking to dressing –Utilization of hydrogen peroxide can occur several times daily before reapplication of ___________

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Are sutures necessary? –Decision should be made by a physician –Sutures should be used within __________ –Physician may decide wound does not require sutures and utilize ___________ or butterfly bandages

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Signs of Wound Infection –Same as those for inflammation –Pus may form due to accumulation of WBC’s –Fever may develop as immune system fights bacterial infection

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Most wound infections can be treated with ______________ Staphylococcus aureus has become resistant to some antibiotics –Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (_________) is more difficult to treat and infection is extremely difficult to treat –If cause of infection is not discovered early and improper antibiotics are used initially infection that starts in skin could spread into more serious infection

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Tetanus –Bacterial infection that may cause fever and convulsions and possibly tonic skeletal muscle spasm for non-immunized athletes –Tetanus bacillus enters wound as spore and acts on motor end plate of ________ –Following childhood vaccination, boosters should be supplied once ever ______ years