Modern Short Stories Common Theme: Alienation of the individual from the rest of society

Ernest Hemingway Used his own experiences as an ambulance driver in WWI and later as a journalist during WWII Used his own experiences as an ambulance driver in WWI and later as a journalist during WWII Felt war was the ultimate setting to observe human nature and “grace under pressure” Felt war was the ultimate setting to observe human nature and “grace under pressure” Explored how soldiers adapted to civilian life after service Explored how soldiers adapted to civilian life after service Sense of alienation from civilians—can’t express what they experienced during the war and experiences can’t be understood by those who did not participate Sense of alienation from civilians—can’t express what they experienced during the war and experiences can’t be understood by those who did not participate Restlessness and dissatisfaction with life at home—life after the war will never be as exciting or dangerous Restlessness and dissatisfaction with life at home—life after the war will never be as exciting or dangerous

Ernest Hemingway Style--Plain style (20 th century version) Style--Plain style (20 th century version) Hemingway wanted to write characters who spoke like regular people Hemingway wanted to write characters who spoke like regular people Rebelled against stream of consciousness Rebelled against stream of consciousness Includes Includes Syntax: sentence structure is simple, straightforward sentences—no complicated clauses Syntax: sentence structure is simple, straightforward sentences—no complicated clauses Diction: word choice Diction: word choice Slang Slang Short, simple dialogue Short, simple dialogue Close attention to detail Close attention to detail Tone: Author’s attitude toward subject Tone: Author’s attitude toward subject Non judgmental; journalistic—observes and reports Non judgmental; journalistic—observes and reports

William Faulkner All his stories focused on the land and the people of northern Mississippi, won the Nobel Prize for Lit. in 1949 All his stories focused on the land and the people of northern Mississippi, won the Nobel Prize for Lit. in 1949 Southern Gothic Tales—includes elements of Southern Gothic Tales—includes elements of Disturbed or mentally unbalanced characters Disturbed or mentally unbalanced characters Strange or terrifying events Strange or terrifying events Gloomy run-down settings Gloomy run-down settings Style—made Faulkner difficult to read and cost him a bigger audience Style—made Faulkner difficult to read and cost him a bigger audience Novels and stories were in stream of consciousness Novels and stories were in stream of consciousness Attempts to capture the moment by moment flow of thought in a character’s mind Attempts to capture the moment by moment flow of thought in a character’s mind Both tragic and comic overtones Both tragic and comic overtones Flashbacks and Events told out of chronological order—Reader must be able to piece together seemingly random events Flashbacks and Events told out of chronological order—Reader must be able to piece together seemingly random events

William Faulkner Themes Themes Mainly focused on the American South as a microcosm for following universal themes: Mainly focused on the American South as a microcosm for following universal themes: The passage of time—some adapt and others are left behind The passage of time—some adapt and others are left behind Passions of the heart—are sometimes the most dangerous and ugliest of desires Passions of the heart—are sometimes the most dangerous and ugliest of desires

William Faulkner Literary Devices Literary Devices 1 st person narrator—represents the voice of the ENTIRE town of Jefferson 1 st person narrator—represents the voice of the ENTIRE town of Jefferson Preserves the manners of Southern life at the turn of the 20 th century, including racist sentiments of whites toward African Americans Preserves the manners of Southern life at the turn of the 20 th century, including racist sentiments of whites toward African Americans Narrator will not tell the events of Miss Emily’s life in chronological order Narrator will not tell the events of Miss Emily’s life in chronological order

“A Rose for Emily” Characterization Characterization Physical descriptions Physical descriptions In her 60s—”a small, fat woman in black”, “she looked bloated”, “her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of call pressed into a lump of dough”—this is while she lives (secretly) with Homer’s decaying body upstairs In her 60s—”a small, fat woman in black”, “she looked bloated”, “her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of call pressed into a lump of dough”—this is while she lives (secretly) with Homer’s decaying body upstairs In her 20’s, when her dad was still alive—”a slender figure in white” In her 20’s, when her dad was still alive—”a slender figure in white” At 30, after her dad dies—”her hair was cut short, making her look like a girl again At 30, after her dad dies—”her hair was cut short, making her look like a girl again When dating Homer (and buying the poison)—”a slight woman, thinner than usual, with cold, haughty black eyes in a face the flesh of with was strained across the temples”—she is desperate and losing it as she has realized Homer won’t marry her When dating Homer (and buying the poison)—”a slight woman, thinner than usual, with cold, haughty black eyes in a face the flesh of with was strained across the temples”—she is desperate and losing it as she has realized Homer won’t marry her In her 40s and 50s—”she had grown fat”, “her hair was turning gray” In her 40s and 50s—”she had grown fat”, “her hair was turning gray” What does Miss Emily look like over time?

“A Rose for Emily” Characterization—Actions and Behavior When her dad dies—she denies the death for 3 days and keeps the body in the house with her. When her dad dies—she denies the death for 3 days and keeps the body in the house with her. She’s a shut in for a while but re-emerges looking like a girl again She’s a shut in for a while but re-emerges looking like a girl again Dating Homer—”She carried her head high enough”, as if having a man gave her the confidence she needed to restore her aristocratic attitude Dating Homer—”She carried her head high enough”, as if having a man gave her the confidence she needed to restore her aristocratic attitude When Homer returns—she is not seen for some time, only at the windows in the house When Homer returns—she is not seen for some time, only at the windows in the house Her final years—she totally isolates herself from the town, “refused to let them fasten metal numbers above her door” Her final years—she totally isolates herself from the town, “refused to let them fasten metal numbers above her door”

“A Rose for Emily” Foreshadowing Foreshadowing Emily’s response to her father’s death foreshadows…. Emily’s response to her father’s death foreshadows…. That she might keep Homer’s body later That she might keep Homer’s body later The bad smell around Emily’s house foreshadows…. The bad smell around Emily’s house foreshadows…. The discovery of Homer’s body in the bedroom The discovery of Homer’s body in the bedroom The purchase of the poison foreshadows… The purchase of the poison foreshadows… The murder of Homer The murder of Homer

“A Rose for Emily” Sequencing the Events in Chronological Order 1. Emily’s father won’t allow her to date 2. Emily’s father dies 3. Homer Barron arrives in town 4. Emily asks the druggist for poison 5. Emily’s cousins visit; she purchases toilet set, suit, nightshirt 6. Homer Barron leaves/disappears from town. 7. The men secretly apply lime around her house to combat the smell 8. Emily gives painting lessons to town’s children 9. The new aldermen visit Emily about taxes 10. Miss Emily dies 11. Homer’s body is discovered

Katherine Anne Porter Regarded as one of the greatest short story writers of the 20 th century Regarded as one of the greatest short story writers of the 20 th century Personal struggle to define herself as an individual, a Southern Woman, and a writer shaped all of her stories. Personal struggle to define herself as an individual, a Southern Woman, and a writer shaped all of her stories. Started her only novel, Ship of Fools, in 1941—published in 1962: received the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize Started her only novel, Ship of Fools, in 1941—published in 1962: received the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize

“The Jilting of Granny Weatherall” Style: Stream of Consciousness Style: Stream of Consciousness Narrative follows the thoughts of an 80 year old woman on her death bed Narrative follows the thoughts of an 80 year old woman on her death bed Free association of ideas, drifting in and out of consciousness Free association of ideas, drifting in and out of consciousness Both painful and pleasant memories Both painful and pleasant memories Memory of being jilted by George is most painful of all; “That was Hell. She knew Hell when she saw it”. Memory of being jilted by George is most painful of all; “That was Hell. She knew Hell when she saw it”.

Discuss with your table groups and respond to the following Discuss with your table groups and respond to the following 1. What was the pinnacle of the American Dream for a young woman at the turn of the 20 th century? 2. Social Context of Story—Why was it so horrible to be “jilted” (left at the altar)? 3. As a result of her eventual marriage and the early death of her husband, how did Granny challenge traditional female roles? Give three examples 4. How is Granny Weatherall alienated from the world around her? 5. What is the symbolism behind the main character’s name? 6. Who “jilts” Granny a second time during this story? Who’s betrayal can she never forgive? “The Jilting of Granny Weatherall”

John Steinbeck Grew up in Salinas Valley in California Grew up in Salinas Valley in California Influenced by the suffering and exploitation of migrant farm workers Influenced by the suffering and exploitation of migrant farm workers Led him to write his two most famous novels—Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath Led him to write his two most famous novels—Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath Witnessed horrors and aftermath of WWII as a news correspondent Witnessed horrors and aftermath of WWII as a news correspondent 6 th American writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature 6 th American writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature