1 School Siting Environmental Health and Safety Considerations J. Brad Peebles Ph.D.,C.E.P

2 OVERVIEW Current environmental due diligence methods do not fully evaluate the potential health and safety threat to the school based population Over-reliance on Phase I and Phase II Environmental Site Assessments Poor evaluation of Off-site air emission sources Sudden Offsite Accidental Releases

3 OVERVIEW Expanded Approach to Due Diligence Health and Safety of School Based Population Modeled After: California Public Resources Code Section California Education Code Section 17213

4 OVERVIEW California Public Resources Code Section expanded approach to due diligence in an environmental impact report shall not be certified or a negative declaration shall not be approved for a project involving the purchase of a school site or the construction of a new elementary or secondary school by a school district unless all of the following occur…… A site that is within 500 feet of the edge of the closest traffic lane of a freeway or other busy traffic corridor. resources/ html

5 OVERVIEW California Education Code Section The governing board of a school district may not approve a project involving the acquisition of a school site by a school district, unless all of the following occur …. ….both permitted and non-permitted facilities within that district's authority, including, but not limited to, freeways and other busy traffic corridors, large agricultural operations, and railyards, within one-fourth of a mile of the proposed schoolsite, that might reasonably be anticipated to emit hazardous air emissions, or to handle hazardous or extremely hazardous materials, substances, or waste.

6 OVERVIEW Health and Safety of School Based Population What are the sources of off-site air emission sources? How is the school-based population exposed? Who is exposed? How are the risk characterized? How to evaluate the potential for sudden offsite accidental releases?

7 OVERVIEW Using the expanded approach to due diligence in the planning process New schools School closings

8 Phase I and Phase II Environmental Site Assessments CERCLA defense buyer (prospective purchaser) innocent landowner hazardous substance in the soils or groundwater A hazardous substance is any one of 600 chemicals defined under CERCLA 101(14).

9 Phase I and Phase II Environmental Site Assessments CERCLA defense “Standards and Practices for All Appropriate Inquiries” (see 40 CFR 312) “Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process” (ASTM E1527 – 05).

10 Phase I and Phase II Environmental Site Assessments CERCLA defense hazardous substance in the soils or groundwater Mostly on-site soils Upgradient off-site groundwater

11 Phase I and Phase II Environmental Site Assessments CERCLA defense buyer has reasonable assurance chain-of-title CERCLA liability issues little assurance health and safety of school based population is addressed

12 “Health” portion of the “Health and Safety of School Based Population” “Conceptual Exposure Model” Source of contaminants Release Mechanism Pathway and route of exposure Receptors

13 Sources of Off-site Air Emission Sources permitted and non permitted facilities located within a 1/4 mile radius a freeway traffic lane or busy traffic corridor within 500 feet large agricultural operations, and rail yards, within one-fourth of a mile of the proposed school site

14 Sources and Rates of Air Emissions

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17 Operation: Dry Cleaning System: Open hrs/daydays/wkweeks/year Temporal Profile: Materials: Perchloroethylene (gal/mo)8.5 Product Density (lbs/gal)13.55 Emission Factor: Pound emitted/Pound Used0.95 Emissions 0.380Lbs/Hour 0.048Grm/Sec

18 Air Modeling – Source to Receptor Determine which air emissions model to use. Estimate ground level impacts from point and fugitive sources in simple and complex terrain SCREEN3 AERMOD Collect area-specific meteorological data

19 Air Modeling – Source to Receptor Dry Cleaner Source emission rate = 0.048Grm/Sec Receptor Concentration = 1.1E-04 mg/m 3 Or = mg/m 3

20 Receptors School Based Population Students Teachers Staff What are the differences in how these people may be exposed to airborne contaminants?

21 Calculate chemical uptake Determine the Risk EF = exposure frequency (days/year) Students = 180 days Teachers = up to 250 days Staff = 240 days ED = exposure duration (years) Students = 6 years; 2 years; 4 years Teachers and Staff = 20 to 40 years IR = inhalation rate (m3/day) BW = body weight (kg)

22 Calculate chemical uptake Determine the Risk Dose calculated as: CDI = (C air × EF × ED × IR) / (BW × AT) Where: CDI = chronic daily intake (mg/kg/day) Note: CDI is the daily “dose” C air = concentration of contaminant in air (mg/m3) Note: this is the modeled value EF = exposure frequency (days/year) ED = exposure duration (years) IR = inhalation rate (m3/day) BW = body weight (kg) AT = averaging time (days)

23 Calculate chemical uptake Determine the Risk For each chemical Carcinogenic Chemical Risk Non-carcinogenic Chemical Hazards Develop a sum of the Carcinogenic Chemical Risk Non-carcinogenic Chemical Hazards Compare the sums against established criteria

24 Calculate chemical uptake Determine the Risk Risk = a function of exposure and toxicity exposure = dose toxicity … cancer and/or non-cancer “Toxicity factor” cancer potency factor (CPF) reference dose (RfD)

25 Calculate chemical uptake Determine the Risk Carcinogenic Chemical Risk Dose times CPF Non-carcinogenic Chemical Hazards Dose divided by RfD

26 Calculate chemical uptake Determine the Risk Dry Cleaner Receptor Concentration = 1.1E-04 mg/m 3 C air or “dose”= 1.1E-04 mg/m 3 Carcinogenic Chemical Risk Dose times CPF = 2.0E-07 Non-carcinogenic Chemical Hazards Dose divided by RfD = 1.7E-03

27 Calculate chemical uptake Determine the Risk All 19 Sources Summed - Adults Carcinogenic Chemical Risk = 2.9E-06 Non-carcinogenic Chemical Hazards = 4.0E-02

28 Compare the calculated risk against the criteria All 19 Sources Summed - Adults Carcinogenic Chemical Risk = 2.9E-06 Florida Criterion = 1.0E-06 Almost three times the Florida limit Largest contributor? Nearby freeway Diesel Exhaust Particulate Risk = 1.7E-06 Non-carcinogenic = 4.0E-02 Florida Criterion = 1.0 Well below the Florida limit

29 “Safety” portion of the “Health and Safety of School Based Population” An opportunity for an accidental release of regulated substances from: propane storage facilities waste water treatment plants facilities with a “threshold quantity” of “listed” or “regulated” substances Accidental Release Prevention program (Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 68)

30 “Safety” portion of the “Health and Safety of School Based Population” Facilities with a “threshold quantity” of “listed” or “regulated” substances Risk Management Plan RMP*Comp model screening model

31 “Safety” portion of the “Health and Safety of School Based Population” RMP*Comp model Steel Pickling Company located less than 0.1 mile from school 500-gallon tank of ammonia leak/rupture release its contents over 10 minutes ammonia toxic endpoint less than 0.1 miles

32 “Safety” portion of the “Health and Safety of School Based Population” ALOHA Model Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres models key hazards toxicity, flammability, thermal radiation (heat), and overpressure (explosion blast force) URL…very long

33 “Safety” portion of the “Health and Safety of School Based Population” Example ALOHA Model from NOAA Web site

34 “Safety” portion of the “Health and Safety of School Based Population” Industrial Accident Consequence Analysis Accidental release scenario School occupants traveling to the school would likely be affected Explosion hazard scenario Explosion footprint would impact a portion of the school site Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) Impact the entire school site

35 The Planning Process Expanded Approach to Due Diligence Tier I Hazards and Risks Evaluation Tier II Hazards and Risks Evaluation Tier III Hazards and Risks Evaluation

36 Tier I Hazards and Risks Evaluation There are no volatile chemicals in the soil or groundwater or the depth to groundwater was greater than 15 feet below land surface; and The major highways and rail lines are greater than 500 feet from the future school property boundary, and There were no pipelines located within a quarter-mile of the future school boundary that carry explosive gases or liquids, and There are no businesses currently located within a quarter-mile of the future school boundary that emitted chemicals to the atmosphere, and There were no businesses currently located within a quarter-mile of the future school property boundary that present an opportunity for an accidental release of regulated substances, and, There was no past use of the future school site by the Department of Defense.

37 Tier II Hazards and Risks Evaluation The Tier I criteria are not met - Mitigate risks or conduct Tier II Tier II SCREEN3 air model RMP*Comp Evaluate results against Applicable criteria Appropriate criteria

38 Tier III Hazards and Risks Evaluation The Tier II criteria are not met - Mitigate risks or conduct Tier III Tier III AERMOD air model ALOHA Evaluate results against Applicable criteria Appropriate criteria

39 The Planning Process Expanded Approach to Due Diligence Hazards and Risks Evaluation – Information on Costs Level Lower Cost Higher Cost Tier I $5000 $15,000 Tier II $10,000 $20,000 Tier III $20,000 $40,000 Note: Phase I ESA and the Phase II ESA costs are not included.

40 Policy Implications Using the expanded approach to due diligence in the planning process New schools School closings