Louella CHENG & WONG Siu-lun Centre of Asian Studies

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Presentation transcript:

From Social Outcast to Colonial Elite : The Rise of an Eurasian Entrepreneurial Family in Hong Kong Louella CHENG & WONG Siu-lun Centre of Asian Studies Hong Kong Institute for the Humanities & Social Sciences The University of Hong Kong Rising Dragons, Soaring Bananas International Conference Auckland, New Zealand, 17-19 July 2009

INTRODUCTION Hong Kong as British colony 1842-1997 A new social group: the Eurasians Dubious origins and doubtful prospects Success story of two brothers Sir Robert Ho Tung (何東 1862-1957) Walter Bosman (何啟佳 1867-1946)

Theoretical Ideas Ronald Burt : social network analysis Structural hole : buffer between two clusters Social Brokerage : linkage between disconnected subjects Social innovation : Vision of options otherwise unseen Individual brokerage : middlemen and compradores Institutional brokerage : entrepôts and regional hubs

Historical Background China, Britain and Hong Kong : a profitable triangle Hong Kong as regional broker Special status of Hong Kong Independent trading unit : Chinese Maritime Customs Hong Kong dollar : unique economic role China’s gateway to world markets

Eurasians in Hong Kong Demographic landscape in 1845 : Chinese inhabitants 95.7% Expatriate community 2.9% British Indian troops 1.4% Gender imbalance in 1872 : Sex ratio for Chinese 7 : 2 Sex ratio for expatriates 5 : 1 Sexual liaison across racial divide : Tabooed but inevitable Emergence of Eurasians as separate social category in 1850s : “a dangerous element out of the dunghill of neglect” (Endacott 1958)

Two Brothers: Ho Tung & Walter Bosman Father : Charles Henry Maurice Bosman (1839-1892) Mother : Madame Sze Ho Tung : initiated a “compradorial” family leading figure of Chinese community twice knighted Walter Bosman : trained as engineer in England served as captain in Boer War Director of Public Works in Zululand

Ho Tung’s mother, Sze, c. 1890 Source : Frances Tse Liu 2003:10.

Compradores in Ho Tung Family 何東 Ho Tung Jardine, Matheson & Co. 何福 Ho Fook Jardine, Matheson & Co. 何甘棠 Ho Kom Tong Jardine, Matheson & Co. 何世亮 Ho Sai Leung Jardine, Matheson & Co. 何世耀 Ho Sai Iu Jardine, Matheson & Co. 何世榮 Ho Sai Wing Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank 何世儉 Ho Sai Kim Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank 何世光 Ho Sai Kwong E.D. Sasson & Co. 何世奇 Ho Sai Ki E.D. Sasson & Co. 何世卓 Ho Sai Cheuk Merchantile Bank 何世華 Ho Sai Wah Merchantile Bank

Ho Tung in Western Costume: Early 1900’s Source : Irene Cheng 1976 : opposite p.1.

Ho Tung in Chinese Costume, 1924 Source : Frances Tse Liu 2003:19.

Robert Ho Tung Source : Florence Yeo 1994:164.

The Defiant Fourth: Walter Bosman 何啟佳 Source : Frances Tse Liu 2003:13.

Walter Bosman 1940 Source : W. Bosman 1940 : cover page.

Brokerages and Innovation Economic brokerage : compradores Legal brokerage : British subjects Socio-political brokerage : Central School Institutional innovation : rhizomic family mother figures

Thank You