Chapter 8 Collegiate Sports

Introduction to College Athletics Business aspect has grown immensely –Budgeting, finding revenue sources, controlling expense items, participating in development activities, more paperwork Internationalization has grown tremendously through participation of nonresident alien student-athletes –New trend may be more global travel of college teams, such as NCAA basketball exhibitions in European and Asian cities –NCAA clubs sponsoring coaches and teams from other countries

History 1852: Crew race between Harvard and Yale was first commercial intercollegiate athletic event in United States. – Sponsored by Boston, Concord, and Montreal RR Co. Initial collegiate athletic contests that took place in the 1800s were student-run events. As the pressure to win increased, students began to realize they needed external help. 1864: William Wood, first “coach,” was hired by the Yale crew team.

History (cont.) Dangerous nature of football pushed faculty and administrators to get involved in governing intercollegiate athletics. –1895: Big Ten Conference was formed to create student eligibility rules. –1905: Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS) was formed to make football safer to play. –1912: IAAUS changed its name to National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).

History (cont.) 1929 Carnegie Reports painted bleak picture of intercollegiate athletics, identifying many academic and recruiting abuses, payments to student-athletes, and commercialization of athletics. NCAA pressured to change to an organization that would oversee academic standards for student- athletes, monitor recruiting activities of coaches and administrators, and establish principles governing amateurism.

History (cont.) 1989: Harris poll found that 78% of Americans thought collegiate athletics were out of hand. 1989: Knight Commission formed, prompting NCAA membership to pass numerous rules and regulations regarding recruiting activities, academic standards, and financial practices.

Women in College Athletics Initial intercollegiate sport competitions were run by men for men 1896: First sport contest for women was a basketball game: UC Berkeley vs. Stanford –Predominant theme of women’s involvement in athletics was participation. 1966: Creation of the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women 1971: Became Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW)

AIAW Endorsed an alternative athletic model for women, emphasizing educational needs of students Engaged in a power struggle with NCAA over governance of women’s athletics 1981: NCAA membership voted to add championships for women in Division I 1982: AIAW executive board voted to dissolve its association

NCAA Voluntary association –More than 1,200 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individual members Goal to maintain athletics as part of education program 1973: The current three-division system, Divisions I, II, and III, was created to increase flexibility of the NCAA in addressing needs and interests of schools of varying size Two of the more prominent NCAA administrative areas are legislation and governance and academics Enforcement oversees violations, imposes penalties

NCAA: Division I Supports philosophy of competitiveness, generating revenue through athletics, and national success FBS is for institutions that are somewhat larger football-playing schools, which must maintain certain attendance requirements FCS is for are football playing, but do not need to mee attendance requirements

NCAA: Divisions II and III Division II: Awards athletic scholarships but on a more modest basis than Division I –Must sponsor at least 10 sports –At least two team sports for each gender Division III: Does not allow athletic scholarships –Emphasizes participation, placing primary emphasis on regional in-season and conference competition

NCAA Conferences Member conferences must have a minimum of six institutions in a single division to be recognized as a voting member conference Have their own compliance director and run seminars regarding NCAA rules and regulations Run championships in sports sponsored by member institutions in the conference May also provide a revenue-sharing program to their member institutions Conference realignment: Current NCAA issue

Career Opportunities: Coaches/Athletic Directors Division III: Coaches are usually part-time, or if full-time have other athletic dept. responsibilities. Division I: Athletic departments usually employ a large number of associate and assistant athletic directors with specialized responsibilities. –AD more like CEO

Career Opportunities: Assistant/Associate Directors Responsibilities in specialized areas –Business manager, media relations director, ticket sales manager, director of marketing, sport programs administrator, facilities and events coordinator, academic affairs director –Areas of growth (fund development, student- athlete services, compliance) –Other important areas (senior women’s administrator, faculty athletics representative)

Career Opportunities NCAA National office, as well as other collegiate associations such as the NJCAA and NAIA NCAA Member Conferences Employment opportunities in compliance, conference championships, marketing, and sponsorship areas

Current Issues: Title IX/Gender Equity How to comply with Title IX given institutional financial limitations is a challenge Numerous institutions are choosing to eliminate sport programs and funding for the overrepresented sex (usually men’s teams) Increasing participation and funding opportunities for female student-athletes is another method Roster management: Capping roster sizes for men’s teams

Current Issues: Hiring Practices of Minorities/Women 2008–2009: only about 4% of athletic directors were black. 2008–2009: Women held 9.4% of Division I, 16.8% of Division II, and 27.5% of Division III athletic director positions. Issue continues to demand attention in the hiring of college athletic directors and coaches.

Current Issues: Academic Reform In an attempt to increase the graduation rates of student-athletes, Proposition 16 went into effect in 1996–1997: Student-athletes were required to possess a minimum GPA in 13 core courses with a corresponding SAT score along a sliding scale. New legislation, Bylaw 14.3, institutes a new sliding scale (GPA/SAT combination) with more core courses required.

Current Issues: Academic Reform (cont.) Academic Progress Rate calculated by a combination of points per student and those on the team. Team penalized if they are below 925 total—predictor score of a 50% graduation rate. © Photos.com

Current Issues: Agents/Gambling USC Football punished in 2010 over payments by agents to players NCAA’s 2008 gambling survey, 30% of male student-athletes and 7% of female student-athletes engaged in gambling or sport wagering activities Recommendations: Expanding education efforts, proposed NCAA legislation, and suggestions for state and federal legislation

Current Issues: New Technology 2000: NCAA developed new regulations regarding , instant messaging and other communication methods regarding recruiting –Continually updated Internet has made it difficult to police improper conduct Also has led to positive ways –Marketing, selling tickets, etc.