Imperialism Domination of the political, economic, and cultural life of one country or region by another

Answer these questions in your notebook How might a nation force its political, economic, and cultural ways of life on another country or region? Why would they want to do this?

Causes Nationalism Industrial Revolution/Economic Competition Religious and Humanitarian (European Racism)

European Motives For Colonization European Nationalism Source for Raw Materials Missionary Activity Industrial Revolution European Motives For Colonization Markets for Finished Goods Military & Naval Bases Social Darwinism European Racism Places to Dump Unwanted/ Excess Popul. Humanitarian Reasons Soc. & Eco. Opportunities “White Man’s Burden”

Nationalism Sparks the desire to build overseas empires Europeans viewed an empire as a measure of national greatness “All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark upon barbarian lands…” Each country was determined to plant its flag on as much of the world as possible

Industrial Revolution / Economic Competition Need for Markets and Materials Production of more good requires nations to look for sources of raw materials and places to sell their goods Cotton, coal, iron ore, oil, copper, rubber

Religious and Humanitarian (Racism) Christian Missionaries Civilize the uncivilized Spread western civilizations “White Man’s Burden” Duty to bring the knowledge of medicine, science, technology, and sanitation to the uncivilized

Answer these questions in your notebook Which of the European motives do you believe was the most powerful? Why?

Types of Colonial Rule

Direct Control France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium Officials and soldiers from conquering power administer colonies Impose their cultures and turn into that country’s province Colonial power controlled the local government at every level Appoint officials

Indirect Control Britain Not enough officials to send to every colony Leave traditional leaders in place British officials make decisions and expect local rulers to enforce them

Sphere of Influence Outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges China/Latin America State acquires an exclusive or even preferential right to exploit and develop a backward region economically Other states have no right to claim or establish any form of control over another country’s sphere

Protectorate Local rulers left in place Expected to follow advice from European advisors Trade and missionary Cost less than colonies to run Needed minimal military force

European Colonialism in Africa

Imperialism in Africa DO NOW: Imagine that intergalactic space aliens with cool futuristic weapons landed all of a sudden on planet earth. How would you view them? How would you interact with them?

African Trade [15c-17c]

Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

European Explorers in Africa 19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

19c Mysteries & Adventures

Where Is Dr. Livingstone? Doctor Livingstone, I Presume? Sir Henry Morton Stanley Dr. David Livingstone

David Livingstone Link Went to Africa as a missionary but was a combination of missionary, doctor, explorer, scientist and anti-slavery activist. Reached and named Victoria Falls in 1855. In 1871 journalist Henry Stanley found him at Lake Tanganyika, greeting him with the famous words "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Link

European Explorations in mid-19c: “The Scramble for Africa”

What is the Source of the Nile? Sir Richard Burton John Speke

Africa 1890

Africa in 1914

Social Darwinism

The “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling

The “White Man’s Burden”?

Remember “The White Man’s Burden”??? Which one do you think is more accurate?

Many Africans gave up traditional agriculture to work for European companies. Some worked on rubber plantations or in copper mines. Others built railroads to bring these natural resources to ports, where they could be shipped to Europe and used in factories.

The Belgian Congo: "King Leopold's Ghost"

The Congo Free State or The Belgian Congo

King Leopold II: (r. 1865 – 1909)

Africa: the Congo In the 1870s King Leopold II of Belgium employed Henry Stanley to help develop commercial ventures and establish a colony called Congo Free State in the basin of the Congo River Leopold said the Congo Free State would be a free-trade zone open to all European merchants in order to forestall competition from his more powerful European neighbors Leopold II

Africa: the Congo In reality, Leopold ran the Congo Free State as a personal colony and filled it with lucrative rubber plantations run under brutal conditions Humanitarians protested Leopold’s colonial regime In 1908 the Belgium government took control of the colony and it became known as Belgian Congo Clearing tropical forests ate away at Leopold’s profit margins so Congolese farming villages such as this one were leveled to make way for rubber tree plantations

Harvesting Rubber

Punishing “Lazy” Workers

5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

Leopold’s Conscience??

Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 Another point of view? 

Europeans: Carving up a Continent Who is missing from this picture???

Tensions among the European powers seeking African colonies led to the Berlin West Africa Conference (1884-1885), during which delegates from 14 European states and the US (no Africans were present) devised the rules for the colonization of Africa Rules for conquest of Africa The conference produced an agreement that any European state could establish African colonies after notifying the others of its intentions and occupying previously unclaimed territory Agreed to stop slavery and slave trade in Africa

Africa: Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference gave European diplomats the justification they needed to draw lines on maps and carve Africa into colonies By the turn of the century, all of Africa was divided into European colonies except for Ethiopia, where native forces had fought off Italian efforts at colonization, and Liberia, a small republic populated by freed slaves that was effectively a dependency of the US

“We have been engaged in drawing lines upon maps where no white man’s foot has ever trod. We have been giving away mountains and rivers and lakes to each other, only hindered by the small impediment that we never knew exactly where the mountains and rivers were.” -British Official

Diamond Mines Raw Diamonds

Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) De Beer “The Colossus of Rhodes”

Cecil Rhodes Went to south Africa in 1871 and by 1889 he controlled 90% of the world’s diamond production Also gained a healthy stake in the gold market Served as prime minister of the British Cape Colony from 1890-1896 and saw the Cape Colony as a base of operations for the extension of British control to all of Africa

South Africa and the Boer War (1899-1902) Principal sponsor of the Cape-to-Cairo dream where Britain would dominate the continent. Diamonds and gold were discovered in the Transvaal and Rhodes wanted to extend his influence there but region controlled by Boers (descendents of Dutch settlers)

The Struggle for South Africa

Boer-British Tensions Increase 1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal. 1883 – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence. - Paul Kruger becomes President. 1880s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal

The Boer War: 1899 - 1900 The British The Boers

South Africa and the Boer War (1899-1902) Massive British force eventually defeated Boers and in 1910 the Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, & Natal combined to form the Union of South Africa.

Cape-to-Cairo Railway: Crossing over Victoria Falls