South Africa Life Under Apartheid Questions to Consider: How do new ideas change the way people live? Student Objective: Students will know that South Africa is rich in natural resources, and will be able to describe how these resources have influenced the colonization by Europeans. Students will be able to discuss how the resources led to the apartheid movement in South Africa and the cultural changes in the area. Learning Target: I will be able to discuss the causes of the colonization in Southern Africa by European countries, and the apartheid movement and equal rights in South Africa.

History of South Africa For more than 1,500 years Native Africans controlled the area now known as South Africa The largest tribe/ethnic group in the area were the Zulu In 1652 Dutch explorers established the colony of Cape Colony Even though they were recent immigrants, they began claiming the land as their own Over the course of time, the Dutch settlers began to branch out, taking more land and becoming farmers They fought with Native Africans over the fertile farmlands of South Africa and forced the natives to work as servants and slaves These Dutch colonizers became known as the Boers (Afrikaners are the descendants of the Boers)

The arrival of the Dutch colonizer Jan van Riebeeck, the first European to settle in South Africa

History of South Africa During the early 1800’s British colonizers came to set up their own colony, and a conflict began between the Boers (Dutch) and the British The British won, but two separate states were formed, one Boer and one British Boers in combat (1881)

The South African War or the Boer War (1899-1902) When diamonds and gold were discovered in large quantities in South Africa in 1899, British interest peaked even higher in the region The British and the Boers engaged in war for winner take all in the area The Zulu Tribe (The largest group of Native South Africans) took the side of the British The Zulu hoped that if the British were to win they could gain equal rights with the removal of the Boer presence This did not happen

British Colonialism: Life on Reserves The British forced black South Africans off their mineral rich land and made them live on land they though had little value, called “reserves” These reserves took up only 13% of the land, even though blacks made up 68% of the population Life on the reserves was hard The government built few factories, modern roads, schools and hospitals on the reserves The land was horrible, which made farming impossible Without the ability to farm Native South Africans became dependent on white South Africans Most of the natives had to leave their reserves to find work Black South Africans became servants, laborers, and other lower paying positions

Apartheid in South Africa (Click the title to watch the video clip) In 1948, the racist Nationalist Party was elected to power The new government combined all the poor treatment of black South Africans into an official policy called apartheid Apartheid (separateness) was the system by which there was legal racial segregation in South Africa This racist policy denied blacks and other non-whites social and economic equality with whites

"For use by white persons" – sign from the apartheid era

“Reserved for the sole use of the white race” in English, Afrikaans & Zulu

Apartheid in South Africa (Click on the title to play video) Above all, white South Africans set up the system of Apartheid to make sure the black majority did not gain any power. Under Apartheid, Black South Africans lost many of their basic human rights (write down a couple) They were told where to live (reserves) They were forced to carry ID cards when they traveled They could not vote (No Suffrage) They were paid less wages than whites that held the same job They received separate & inferior education, medical care and other public services Mixed Marriage was also made illegal under apartheid

The African National Congress In 1912, the African National Congress was formed by a group of black Africans that opposed apartheid in South Africa Black South Africans resisted apartheid by: Participating in non violent protest marches Worker strikes Refusing to buy white products (boycotts) Going into “whites only” areas Practicing civil disobedience (breaking laws) Creating resistance art as an expression of their struggles

Resistance Art Is a form of art that emerged in South Africa in the mid-1970s after many uprisings that focused on the resisting apartheid and celebrating the African strength and unity. Malcolm Payne Gorilla, 1985

Nelson Mandela In the 1950’s a great leader arose from the African National Congress (ANC), Nelson Mandela Eventually, the government banned the ANC The government started arresting it’s members and breaking up protests with deadly military force These actions made Mandela feel that non-violent resistance, in which he had always believed, was useless against the South African government

Nelson Mandela Along with other freedom fighters, Nelson Mandela began a campaign of sabotage against military and government targets Nelson Mandela was arrested and imprisoned in 1963 Although he would stay in prison for the next 27 years, he became a symbol of the injustices of apartheid People around the world knew his name and would eventually demand his freedom

Nelson Mandela

The End of Apartheid Worker strikes in particular had a negative impact on the economy and forced the government to change some apartheid laws in the 1970’s and 1980’s In addition, in 1985 several world nations began imposing economic sanctions against South Africa (Boycotts & Trade Embargo) A sanction is a measure taken by nations against a country violating international law

Apartheid Ends (Click on the title to watch the video) Willem de Klerk, a white South African who opposed apartheid, became president in 1989 He helped repeal many apartheid laws and to release from jail those who had worked to fight against apartheid In 1990, he helped obtain Nelson Mandela’s release from prison Together, Nelson Mandela and Willem de Klerk worked to end apartheid for good In 1993, they shared the Nobel peace prize for their efforts

Willem de Klerk & Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela is shown voting for the first time in his life on April 27, 1994.

A New Era for south Africa In 1993, a new constitution gave all adults the right to vote Nelson Mandela was elected as South Africa’s 1st black president, served one five-year term, and retired in 1999 Today, the constitution of South Africa guarantees the same rights to everyone in South Africa Due to it’s vast natural resources, mining operations and jobs in manufacturing, South Africa has developed into one of the strongest economies in all of Africa However, many black South Africans remain very poor The government is working to provide better housing and to bring electricity and water to communities without them

Wrap Up What was apartheid? Who was Nelson Mandela? What did people like Nelson Mandel do in an effort to end apartheid? How did some of the black south Africans express their desire to end apatheid? What is South Africa like today?