Review of “Isms”

The belief that the history has been created by conflicting interests--the bourgeoisie and the proletariat Socialism

The belief that equality under the law and constitutionalism are paramount to good government Liberalism

Spreading of economic, political, social or other control over foreign lands and people (post-industrial age) Imperialism

Strong sense of belonging to one group based on language, culture, history; desire for unified country Nationalism

Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour Unifiers of Italy

Frederick Wilhelm, Otto von Bismarck Unifiers of Germany

Karl Marx, Frederick Engels Brains behind socialism

Alexis de Tocqueville Wrote “Democracy in America” Liberal theorist Supporter of Constitutional Monarchy Supporter of Reform not revolution

Positive view toward nature, human emotion, against Ind Rev Romanticism

Germany after Napoleon I 38 German State Confederation

Germany over last 300 years 300 Germans provinces and princes Holy Roman Empire Peace of Augsburg 30 Years War/Peace of Westphalia Rise of Prussia Hohenzollerns, Brandenburg Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Who should lead—Big Germans, Small Germans

Herder’s romantic concept Volkgeist—spirit of the people

Other German romantic nationalists Grimms Brothers, Treischke, Fabri,

1848 Revolution in Prussia sequence Frankfurt Assembly Attempt to unify Germans Disagree over Big/Small Germans Not organized Crown offered to FW IV Frederick William IV turns down crown German Confederation 39 states

Austria areas of revolution Vienna—constitution, liberal, German Prague—nationalist, Czechs/Bohemians, failed, government crushed Budapest—Magyars/Hungarians, Kossuth, March Laws, crushed after several months (1849)

Magyar leader Kossuth

Other revolutions Greece Italy France—1830 deposed Chas X France—1848 Feb, June

Sardinia, Papal States, Austrian territories, Piedmont Before Italian Unification--all independent states Joined the Italian confederation

What other areas of the world have written about and fought for national identity? Greece, Croatia, Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia, Chechnya, Taiwan, etc.

Slogan “Blood and Iron” Otto von Bismarck

Realpolitik means Do whatever is necessary to carry out goals; politics of reality Bismarck

French Revolution was this kind of revolution Liberal Revolution

3 ways Italy was unified: Diplomacy War Public support

In order to unify Italy, Cavour allied with what country? France

Key imperialists: Stanley, Livingstone Kichener Rhodes DeBrazza Leopold II

Cecil Rhodes, Emigration Societies Rhodes was an British Imperialist Cairo to Capetown Railroad design Emigration Societies got men and women to go to colonies

South Africa, Egypt, India, Ghana, Nigeria English colonies gradual decolonization emphasized

Indochina, Algeria, Tunisia French colonies Assimilation emphasized Revolutions necessary to decolonize

Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico American “Spheres of Influence” After Spanish American War

Lenin believed it was the highest stage of Capitalism Imperialism due to industrialism Need for markets and resources

Fascism is its worst enemy Liberalism Individual rights, constitutionalism

New imperialism is different from old colonialism in what way? Industrial age Need for markets and raw materials Highest stage of capitalism

Motivations for Imperialism… Raw materials and markets Civilizing mission Living space National power

Colonial Conflicts Sudan—Omduran—England, Muslims Fashoda—England v. France; N Africa Boer War—S. Africa; Eng v Dutch

Meeting where rules for splitting Africa created Berlin Conference 1885

Imperialism’s Affect on Women-- Need for talented women in the colonies Serve national needs of mother country Jill of all trades

Imperialism’s Affect on Indigenous people? Outside control of resources Outside control of economy and gov’t People begin to want independence

Africa was known as the Dark Continent--Why? Europeans did not know much about the interior of Africa Diseases and lack of maps/transportation kept them along coastal areas

True or False: Decolonization is the process of getting independence from imperialists True